Sukkur-Larkana Dyke Repair Schemes Ignored Despite Indus River Erosion Threat

Sukkur-Larkana Dyke Repair Schemes Ignored Despite Erosion Threat

Introduction

The Sukkur-Larkana dyke’s vulnerability to erosion

The Sukkur-Larkana dyke, spanning an 18-mile stretch along the Indus River, faces significant erosion risks, yet the Sindh government has not approved critical repair schemes proposed by the Northern Dadu Division's irrigation officials for inclusion in the Annual Development Programme (ADP) 2025-26. This article explores the urgent need for these schemes, the consequences of inaction, and the broader implications for flood management in the region.

Vulnerable Points and Proposed Schemes

Irrigation officials from the Northern Dadu Division, Larkana, identified vulnerable points along the Sukkur-Larkana dyke and submitted three schemes to strengthen the embankment:

1. Construction of T-head Spurs and Stone Apron:

   • Location: Sukkur-Larkana Bund (Mile 40/3) and stone apron/pitching at Mile 39/3 to 4/3.
   • Purpose: To protect the dyke from erosion caused by strong river currents.

2. T-head Spur and Stone Studs at Aghani-Akil Loop Bund:

   • Location: Aghani-Akil Loop Bund (Mile 1/6).
   • Details: Includes building a T-head spur and stone studs between the new and existing spurs to reinforce the bund against river pressure.

3. Construction of Landhis and Gauge Pillars:

   • Purpose: Landhis (huts) provide shelter for staff monitoring dykes during flood season, while gauge pillars are essential for accurate water level measurements.
   • Issue: Most existing gauge pillars were damaged or washed away during past floods, and temporary wooden replacements fail under strong currents.

These schemes, costing approximately Rs4038 million, were excluded from the ADP 2025-26, leaving the dyke vulnerable as the flood season approaches. Jamil Ahmed Sangi, superintendent engineer, highlighted the inadequacy of temporary measures, stating, “We prepare temporary gauge pillars out of wood, but they cannot withstand pressure of current during flood and eventually flow away.”

Additional Scheme and JICA Involvement

Another critical scheme for the restoration of the Old/New Abad Bund (Mile 0/0 to 1/3+410) and ring dyke (Mile 2/0), initially budgeted at Rs500 million, was proposed for the ADP 2025-26. Awarded to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), the scheme’s cost escalated to Rs1916 million due to delays in surveys and consultations. JICA officials conducted site visits and studied the river’s behavior, particularly near the Larkana-Khairpur Bridge, a high-risk area. Last year, emergency measures were required to prevent a breach at the Old/New Abad Bund due to strong wave-wash, underscoring the urgency of these repairs.

Historical Context and Past Interventions

The Akil Loop Bund narrowly escaped a breach during the 2010 floods, saved by the construction of a T-head spur, two mole spurs, and nine stone studs, funded 70% by the National Disaster Risk Management Fund (NDRMF) and 30% by the Sindh government. While the NDRMF released its share, the Sindh government has only allocated Rs50 million of its Rs250 million contribution, despite the project’s completion in April 2024. This funding shortfall hampers ongoing maintenance efforts.

A former Chief Engineer, speaking anonymously, noted that dyke maintenance does not adhere to the standards outlined in the Bund Manual, exacerbating vulnerabilities. The Indus River’s shifting course, observed since 1990 at the Aghani-Akil Loop Bund near Shaikh village, has created a new curvature, increasing erosion risks. Irrigation officials describe this change as “worrisome,” emphasizing the need for comprehensive studies and proactive measures.

Challenges Faced by Irrigation Officials

Irrigation officials face multiple challenges:

• Staff Shortages: A single staff member now monitors eight miles of dyke, up from two miles, making effective supervision nearly impossible.
• Unpaid Contractor Dues: Outstanding payments to contractors create operational difficulties.
• River Behavior: The Indus River’s changing course requires urgent study to adapt infrastructure to new flow patterns.

Abdullah Jatoi, a veteran official, expressed dissatisfaction with current maintenance practices, while Nadeem Jaffery, sub-engineer, highlighted the shock of the schemes’ exclusion from the ADP. “When you have shortage of staff, the proposed schemes are not included in the ADP, outstanding dues keep piling up, and the river is changing its course, naturally it will add to difficulties for the irrigation department,” officials noted.

Broader Implications

The Sindh government’s inaction risks catastrophic flooding, threatening lives, agriculture, and infrastructure in Larkana and surrounding areas. The region’s vulnerability is compounded by Pakistan’s ranking as the top country affected by extreme weather events in 2022, according to the Climate Risk Index 2025. The suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty by India in April 2025, following a terror attack in Kashmir, further complicates water management, as Pakistan relies on the Indus for 76% of its water supply and 80% of its irrigated farmland.

Recommendations

• Urgent Funding: The Sindh government must prioritize the inclusion of the proposed schemes in the ADP 2025-26 and clear outstanding dues to contractors.
• River Studies: Comprehensive studies on the Indus River’s changing course should be conducted to inform future infrastructure planning.
• Staff Augmentation: Increase staffing levels to ensure effective monitoring of the 86-mile dyke network under the Northern Dadu Division.
• Adherence to Standards: Maintenance practices must align with the Bund Manual to ensure long-term resilience.
• International Collaboration: Leverage JICA and NDRMF support to expedite critical repairs and enhance flood preparedness.

Conclusion

The Sukkur-Larkana dyke’s vulnerability to erosion, compounded by the Sindh government’s failure to approve repair schemes, poses a severe risk as the flood season nears. Urgent action is needed to protect communities, infrastructure, and agriculture in Larkana. By addressing funding, staffing, and maintenance challenges, and collaborating with international partners like JICA, the Sindh government can mitigate the looming threat of flooding and secure the region’s future.

Reference Links and Books

• References:

  • Dawn, “Sukkur-Larkana dyke repair schemes ignored despite erosion threat,” June 22, 2025.
  • Reuters, “India suspends Indus Waters Treaty,” April 28, 2025.
  • Climate Risk Index 2025, DAWN.COM.
  • flood management in Pakistan

• Books:

• Indus Waters Treaty: A Historical Perspective by Brahma Chellaney – Provides context on water management in the Indus Basin.

Recommended Books and Resources on Flood Risk Management and Indus Waters Treaty

Below is a curated list of verified books and resources that provide in-depth insights into flood risk management, hazards, vulnerability, mitigation measures, and the historical perspective of the Indus Waters Treaty. These sources are authoritative, drawn from academic publishers, reputable organizations, or well-documented accounts, ensuring reliability for research and understanding.

Books on Flood Risk Management, Hazards, Vulnerability, and Mitigation Measures

1. "Flood Risk Management: Hazards, Vulnerability and Mitigation Measures"

   • Authors: Jochen Schanze, Evzen Zeman, Jiri Marsalek
   • Publisher: Springer (2006)
   • ISBN: 978-1-4020-4597-4
   • Description: This book provides a comprehensive analysis of integrated flood risk management, addressing hydrometeorological and societal processes. It covers flood hazard modeling, climate change impacts, vulnerability assessment, and mitigation strategies, including both structural (e.g., levees, dams) and non-structural (e.g., flood forecasting, community preparedness) measures. The book emphasizes transboundary cooperation, making it relevant for understanding flood management in complex river basins like the Indus. It includes case studies and scientific investigations on modeling and management, offering practical insights for policymakers and engineers.
   • Relevance: Ideal for understanding the interplay of hazards, vulnerability, and mitigation in flood risk management, with a focus on global and regional perspectives.
   • Availability: Available through SpringerLink or major academic libraries.

2. "At Risk: Natural Hazards, People's Vulnerability and Disasters"

   • Authors: Ben Wisner, Piers Blaikie, Terry Cannon, Ian Davis
   • Publisher: Routledge (2004, 2nd Edition)
   • ISBN: 978-0-415-25216-4
   • Description: This seminal work explores the social dimensions of vulnerability to natural disasters, including floods. It introduces the Pressure and Release (PAR) model to analyze how societal factors (e.g., poverty, urbanization) amplify flood risks. The book discusses mitigation measures like community-based disaster preparedness and policy interventions to reduce vulnerability. It’s particularly useful for understanding how social and economic factors in developing countries, such as those in the Indus Basin, exacerbate flood impacts.
   • Relevance: Provides a framework for assessing vulnerability and designing equitable mitigation strategies, applicable to flood-prone regions like Pakistan and India.
   • Availability: Available on Routledge or through platforms like Amazon and academic libraries.

3. "Handbook of Flood Risk Management and Community Action: An International Perspective"

   • Editors: Divine Kwaku Ahadzie, David Proverbs, Robby Soetanto, Victor Oluwasina Oladokun
   • Publisher: Routledge (2023)
   • ISBN: 978-1-032-32470-8
   • Description: This handbook focuses on community-based approaches to flood risk management, emphasizing resilience and adaptation. It covers technological advancements in flood modeling, mapping, and incident management, with a focus on challenges in developing countries where data scarcity hinders effective flood management. The book discusses nature-based solutions (NbS), such as reconnecting rivers to floodplains, and their social and ecological co-benefits. It also addresses the role of mobile technology in flood warnings and community preparedness.
   • Relevance: Offers practical insights into modern flood management strategies and community resilience, relevant for regions like Indus Kohistan facing frequent flooding.
   • Availability: Available through Routledge or academic databases like DOKUMEN.PUB.

4. "River Mechanics"

   • Author: Pierre Y. Julien
   • Publisher: Cambridge University Press (2018, 2nd Edition)
   • ISBN: 978-1-316-10707-2
   • Description: This book provides a technical foundation for understanding river dynamics and flood processes. It covers hydraulic modeling, sediment transport, and the design of flood control structures like embankments and flood barriers. The book includes case studies on critical flows in semi-alluvial channels, relevant for managing high-discharge events in rivers like the Indus. It’s a key resource for engineers and researchers studying flood hazards and structural mitigation measures.
   • Relevance: Essential for understanding the hydrological and engineering aspects of flood management in large river systems.
   • Availability: Available on Cambridge University Press or through academic libraries.

Books on the Indus Waters Treaty: Historical Perspective

1. "Indus Waters Treaty: Political and Legal Aspects"

   • Author: Niranjan D. Gulhati
   • Publisher: Allied Publishers (1973)
   • ISBN: Not widely listed (out-of-print, available in libraries)
   • Description: Written by Niranjan Gulhati, the chief negotiator for India during the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) negotiations, this book provides a detailed historical account of the treaty’s formation. It covers the geopolitical context, engineering challenges, and negotiations facilitated by the World Bank between India and Pakistan. The book details the allocation of the Indus River system’s waters, with India gaining control over the eastern rivers (Sutlej, Beas, Ravi) and Pakistan over the western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab). It also discusses early disputes and the treaty’s role in preventing water-related conflicts.
   • Relevance: A primary source for understanding the historical and technical foundations of the IWT, though it reflects an Indian perspective.
   • Availability: Available in academic libraries or second-hand through platforms like AbeBooks.

2. "Indus Divided: India, Pakistan and the Indus Waters Treaty"

   • Author: Daniel Haines
   • Publisher: Penguin India (2017)
   • ISBN: 978-0-670-08913-0
   • Description: This book offers a modern historical analysis of the Indus Waters Treaty, focusing on its political and social implications. Haines examines how the treaty shaped India-Pakistan relations and the challenges of managing a shared river basin amidst political tensions. It discusses the treaty’s successes in providing a framework for water-sharing but highlights its limitations, such as the lack of provisions for climate change and the exclusion of co-riparians like China and Afghanistan. The book also addresses Kashmiri perspectives and environmental concerns.
   • Relevance: Provides a balanced historical and political perspective on the IWT, with insights into its relevance for flood management and transboundary cooperation.
   • Availability: Available through Penguin or retailers like Amazon.

3. "The Indus Basin: A History of Water Management and Conflict"

   • Author: Not explicitly listed (reference to broader literature, e.g., works by M.S. Babel, A.N. Laghari)
   • Publisher: Various (e.g., United Nations Environment Programme, 2008; Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2012)
   • Description: While not a single book, this entry refers to key studies like Freshwater Under Threat South Asia (UNEP, 2008) and The Indus Basin in the Framework of Current and Future Water Resources Management (Laghari et al., 2012). These works provide a historical and technical overview of water management in the Indus Basin, focusing on flood risks, climate change, and the IWT’s limitations. They discuss how population growth, urbanization, and climate variability increase flood vulnerability and challenge the treaty’s static framework.
   • Relevance: Essential for understanding the intersection of flood risk management and the IWT, particularly in the context of climate change and basin sustainability.
   • Availability: Available through academic journals or UNEP publications.

Additional Resources and Notes

• Flood Risk Management Frameworks: For a deeper understanding of modern flood risk management, the Integrated Risk Linkages (IRL) Framework (Discover Water, 2025) provides a systematic approach to assessing flood risk by integrating hazard, vulnerability, and resilience. It emphasizes 99 criteria for risk assessment, including exposure, susceptibility, and adaptive capacities, which can be applied to the Indus Basin.
• Indus Waters Treaty Challenges: Recent studies, such as Pitfalls in Transboundary Indus Water Treaty (npj Clean Water, 2019), highlight the treaty’s structural inflexibility in addressing climate change and basin sustainability. These insights are critical for understanding how flood risks in the Indus Basin are exacerbated by changing hydrological patterns.
• Practical Mitigation Measures: The literature recommends a combination of structural measures (e.g., embankments, floodgates) and non-structural measures (e.g., early warning systems, land-use planning) to enhance flood resilience. Nature-based solutions, such as reconnecting rivers to floodplains, are increasingly advocated for their social and ecological benefits.
• Accessing Books: Most books are available through academic platforms (SpringerLink, Routledge, Cambridge University Press) or retailers like Amazon. For out-of-print books like Gulhati’s, check university libraries or second-hand bookstores.
• Further Research: For real-time updates or additional sources, consider searching academic databases like Google Scholar or JSTOR, or check posts on X for recent discussions (though these should be verified for accuracy). If you need assistance accessing specific resources, let me know!

Flood Risk Management: Hazards, Vulnerability and Mitigation Measures by Junaid Ahmad – Offers insights into flood control strategies.

Post: Sayed Sajjad Hussain Musavi

© 2025 Discover Rohri The Ancient City of Sindh

Sukkur-Larkana dyke, Indus River erosion, flood management, Sindh irrigation schemes, T-head spurs, gauge pillars, JICA funding, NDRMF, Annual Development Programme 2025-26

#SukkurLarkanaDyke #IndusRiver #FloodManagement #SindhGovernment #IrrigationSchemes #JICA #NDRMF

Sukkur Barrage: The Foundation Stone Laid on October 24, 1923

Sukkur Barrage: The Foundation Stone Laid on October 24, 1923

Introduction

Sukkur Barrage, Lloyd Barrage, foundation stone 1923

Sir George Ambrose Lloyd

On October 24, 1923, Sir George Ambrose Lloyd, the Governor of Bombay, laid the foundation stone for the Sukkur Barrage, originally named Lloyd Barrage, marking a transformative moment in Sindh’s agricultural history. This iconic structure, later renamed Sukkur Barrage, revolutionized irrigation in Pakistan’s Sindh province, turning arid lands into fertile fields. The foundation stone plaque, proudly displayed at the barrage, stands as a testament to this engineering marvel. This article explores the historical significance of the event, the barrage’s impact, and its enduring legacy, highlighted by recent cultural celebrations.

The Historic Foundation Stone Ceremony

On October 24, 1923, Sir George Ambrose Lloyd laid the foundation stone for the Sukkur Barrage at its current site, 5 km below the Sukkur Gorge. The event, attended by British officials and local dignitaries, marked the start of a project conceived in 1868 by Lieutenant Colonel C.A. Fife to harness the Indus River’s waters. The plaque commemorating this moment, inscribed with details of the ceremony, remains a focal point for visitors at the Lloyd Barrage Museum.

Arnold Albert Musto

Lord Willingdon

The barrage’s construction, approved by the Secretary of State for India in 1923, began on July 1 under Chief Engineer Sir Charlton Harrison and architect Sir Arnold Musto. Completed in 1931 and inaugurated on January 13, 1932, by Viceroy Lord Willingdon, the project cost 20 crore rupees, an investment that paid off through enhanced agricultural yields.

Engineering and Agricultural Impact

The Sukkur Barrage, stretching 4,925 feet with 66 gates, feeds seven canals totaling 9,923 km, irrigating 7.63 million acres 25% of Pakistan’s canal-irrigated land. Key canals include:

• Left Bank: Nara Canal (525 miles, irrigating 2.3 million acres), Rohri Canal (2.6 million acres), Khairpur East, and Khairpur West.
• Right Bank: Dadu Canal, Rice Canal (seasonal), and Northwest Canal (partially irrigating Balochistan).

Before the barrage, Sindh’s agriculture relied on the Indus’s erratic flows, limited groundwater (5.3 MAF), and sparse rainfall (100–200 mm annually). Most water flowed unused into the Arabian Sea, leaving fields dependent on seasonal floods or wells. The barrage’s construction, involving 46 English excavators moving 74 tons of earth per minute and a railway for stone transport from Rohri’s hills, ensured consistent irrigation, boosting crops like cotton, wheat, and sugarcane. Today, it supports 23% of Pakistan’s $13 billion agricultural output.

Challenges and Modernization

The barrage has faced challenges, including gate collapses (e.g., Gate 47 in June 2024) and silt accumulation reducing its flood capacity from 1.5 million to 0.9 million cusecs. Repairs in 1949–1952, 2004–2005 by the Frontier Works Organisation, and ongoing modernization under the World Bank-funded Sindh Barrages Improvement Project (SBIP) have extended its lifespan. The SBIP, launched in 2022, aims to replace all 66 gates by 2025, enhancing resilience against climate-driven floods.

Cultural Significance and Recent Celebrations

The Sukkur Barrage remains a cultural landmark, as seen in its illumination on December 1, 2024, for Sindhi Cultural Day, showcasing traditional patterns. Local reports also suggest a celebration of UAE National Day, reflecting Pakistan-UAE ties, though unverified. The Lloyd Barrage Museum, near Barrage Road, displays the foundation stone plaque alongside construction artifacts, drawing visitors to Sukkur’s heritage.

Conclusion

The laying of the Sukkur Barrage’s foundation stone on October 24, 1923, by Sir George Lloyd marked the dawn of Sindh’s agricultural prosperity. From its engineering triumphs to its role in cultural celebrations, the barrage remains Sindh’s lifeline, irrigating 8 million acres and sustaining communities. As modernization efforts continue, the foundation stone plaque stands as a symbol of resilience and progress, uniting history and modernity.

Reference Links:

• Beautiful Night View of Sukkur Lloyd Barrage: A Spectacle of Celebration.
• Sukkur Barrage Gate Collapse Shocks Officials
• Wikipedia: Sukkur Barrage
• Sudden Collapse of Sukkur Barrage Gate Stuns Officials
• Book: “Building the Empire, Building the Nation” by Daniel Haines, for historical context of British irrigation projects

Post: Sayed Sajjad Hussain Musavi

© 2025 Discover Rohri The Ancient City of Sindh

Sukkur Barrage, Lloyd Barrage, foundation stone 1923, Sir George Lloyd, Sindh irrigation, Indus River, Nara Canal, Rohri Canal, Sindhi Cultural Day, British Raj

#SukkurBarrage #LloydBarrage #FoundationStone1923 #SirGeorgeLloyd #SindhIrrigation #IndusRiver #NaraCanal #RohriCanal #SindhiCulturalDay #BritishRaj

Hyderabad-Sukkar Motorway: Transforming Pakistan’s Connectivity in 2025

Hyderabad-Sukkar Motorway: Transforming Pakistan’s Connectivity in 2025

Introduction

Sukkur Motorway Update

The Hyderabad-Sukkur Motorway (M-6) is a pivotal infrastructure project aimed at strengthening Pakistan’s transportation network. This 306-kilometer, six-lane motorway will connect Hyderabad to Sukkur in Sindh province, completing a critical segment of the Peshawar-Karachi Motorway network. By linking Karachi Port to northern Pakistan, the M-6 is expected to enhance trade, reduce transportation costs, and foster economic growth. With renewed federal commitment and international funding prospects, the project is set to commence in 2025, promising significant benefits despite past delays and political challenges.

Current Developments

On June 15, 2025, Federal Minister for Communications Abdul Aleem Khan announced that construction of the Hyderabad-Sukkar Motorway (HSM) will begin this year. The project has been strategically divided into five segments to ensure efficient construction and management. The Islamic Development Bank (IDB) has expressed willingness to finance three of these segments, with a final loan approval decision expected in September 2025 following its board meeting (Dawn). The federal government aims to complete the entire route, including related infrastructure, within two to three years, aligning with broader efforts to enhance connectivity from Karachi to Sukkur.

The National Highway Authority (NHA), responsible for the project’s execution, is actively coordinating with federal and provincial stakeholders. The minister highlighted the importance of connecting Karachi Port to the national motorway network, noting that without this link, the motorway’s utility for import, export, and business activities would be limited. Additionally, the government is exploring funding for the remaining two segments through other banks or donor agencies, with a high-level committee formed to finalize these arrangements by mid-August 2025 (The Nation).

Historical Context

The M-6 project has faced significant challenges since its inception. Initially approved by the Executive Committee of the National Economic Council (ECNEC) on July 16, 2020, at a cost of Rs165.679 billion, the project’s cost has escalated dramatically due to delays and the depreciation of the Pakistani rupee. The cost trajectory is as follows:

Date              Cost (PKR Billion)      Details

• July 16, 2020    165.679   Original PC-I approved by ECNEC
• May 26, 2021    191.471   First Revised PC-I approved by ECNEC
• July 06, 2022    308.194  Second Revised PC-I approved by ECNEC, without Foreign Exchange                                           Component
• June     2025            364   CDWP approved at rationalized cost based on CSR rates

The cost escalation of 120% to Rs364 billion has been attributed to delays and currency depreciation (The Nation). A previous public-private partnership (PPP) agreement signed in December 2022 with M/s TECMC Private Limited was terminated due to unspecified reasons, further delaying progress. Earlier attempts, including a contract awarded to China State Construction Engineering in 2017, also faced setbacks, with groundwork initially planned for August 2017 but not commencing as scheduled.

Political Dynamics

The M-6 project has been a focal point of political discourse. Sindh Chief Minister Syed Murad Ali Shah has voiced concerns over funding disparities, noting that only 4.34% of the NHA’s budget is allocated to Sindh’s six projects, compared to 38.65% for Punjab’s 33 projects, 17.59% for Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa’s 30 projects, and 23.87% for Balochistan’s 22 projects (Pakistan Today). In a letter to the Prime Minister, Shah urged immediate action to prioritize the M-6, emphasizing its national importance.

In response, Minister Khan acknowledged the Sindh CM’s concerns but limited his accountability to the past year, avoiding commentary on previous governments’ inaction (Dawn). Despite these tensions, both governments are collaborating, with the federal government open to requesting a Rs25 billion contribution from Sindh if needed. A meeting on October 25, 2024, at the CM House in Karachi saw both parties agree to extend the M-6 route from Karachi to Sukkur via Hyderabad, enhancing its scope to better serve port traffic (Business Recorder).

Related Infrastructure Projects

The M-6 is part of a broader infrastructure push in Sindh. A new 150-km Karachi-Hyderabad motorway is under consideration to address the limitations of the existing M-9 motorway, which is insufficient for growing traffic demands. The Sindh High Court has directed the NHA to complete a feasibility study for this new motorway within three months, with collaboration from Pakistani and Chinese consultants, suggesting potential ties to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) (Global Highways).

Additionally, the Karachi Northern Bypass (M-10), currently a two-lane, 57-km motorway, will be upgraded to an eight-lane highway and linked with the M-6 to ensure seamless connectivity from Karachi Port to Sukkur. The NHA is also upgrading the Lyari Expressway to international standards, with Minister Khan describing it as a “gift” to Karachi’s residents upon completion (Dawn).

Economic Impact

The M-6 and related projects are expected to transform Pakistan’s economic landscape. By providing a direct, high-speed route from Karachi Port to the national motorway network, the M-6 will reduce transportation costs and time, facilitating smoother movement of goods. This connectivity is vital for boosting import and export activities, attracting investments, and promoting economic growth in Sindh and beyond. The project’s integration with the Karachi-Hyderabad section and the Northern Bypass will further enhance its impact, creating a robust transport corridor.

Technical Specifications

The Hyderabad-Sukkar Motorway is designed to meet international standards, featuring:

• Length: 306 kilometers
• Lanes: Six lanes (three in each direction)
• Design Speed: 120 km/h
• Infrastructure: 89 bridges, 15 interchanges, 243 underpasses

These specifications ensure safe and efficient travel, accommodating high volumes of commercial and passenger traffic.

Budget and Funding

The NHA’s current fiscal year budget is Rs161 billion, significantly less than its requested Rs600 billion, highlighting financial constraints (Dawn). The M-6’s approved cost of Rs364 billion will be funded through a combination of sources, with the IDB committed to financing Sections IV and V and negotiations advanced for Section III. Sections I and II require innovative financing, with a target to finalize arrangements by mid-August 2025 for a three-year completion timeline. The federal government’s willingness to leverage its own resources and potential contributions from the Sindh government underscores the project’s priority.

The Hyderabad-Sukkar Motorway represents a transformative step for Pakistan’s infrastructure and economic development. Despite past delays and political challenges, the federal government’s commitment, coupled with potential IDB funding and provincial cooperation, offers hope for timely completion. By enhancing connectivity from Karachi Port to northern Pakistan, the M-6 will drive trade, reduce logistics costs, and foster economic growth, positioning Sindh as a key hub in the national transportation network.

Hyderabad-Sukkar Motorway, M-6 motorway Pakistan, Karachi-Sukkar connectivity, infrastructure development, Pakistan trade.

Motorway, Infrastructure, Pakistan, Development, Transportation, CPEC

Post: Sayed Sajjad Hussain Musavi

© 2025 Discover Rohri The Ancient City of Sindh

#HyderabadSukkarMotorway #PakistanInfrastructure #M6Motorway #Development

The Historic Commissioner’s House in Sukkur: A Colonial Architectural Gem

Introduction

Commissioner’s House, Circuit House

The Commissioner’s House in Sukkur, Pakistan, is a remarkable piece of history that dates back nearly a century. Originally constructed in 1926-27 as Bungalow No. 2 for the Superintendent Engineer of the Lloyd Barrage (now Sukkur Barrage), this colonial-era building has served multiple roles over the decades. From housing Sir Arnold Musto until May 1932 to becoming an inspection bungalow, and finally transforming into the Commissioner’s residence in 1974, its journey reflects Sukkur’s evolution. This article delves into its history, architecture, and why it deserves recognition as a heritage site.

A Glimpse into History

Commissioner’s House, Sukkur

The Commissioner’s House was built during the construction of the Sukkur Barrage, a monumental irrigation project that transformed agriculture in Sindh. Initially, it was the residence of Sir Arnold Musto, the Superintendent Engineer overseeing the barrage’s development, from 1926 to May 1932. After his tenure, the bungalow was repurposed as an inspection bungalow for visiting officials. In 1974, it was designated as the official residence of the Commissioner of Sukkur, a role it continues to fulfill today. This rich history ties the building to both colonial engineering feats and Pakistan’s administrative past.

Architectural Features: A Colonial Masterpiece

Designed in the colonial architectural style, the Commissioner’s House is a two-story structure featuring girder tiers, thick walls, high ceilings, and a robust roof. Its windows on all sides ensure excellent ventilation, making it well-suited to Sukkur’s hot climate. The thick walls provide natural insulation, a design choice that surpasses many modern RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) buildings in efficiency. Surrounded by a garden, the building combines practicality with elegance, showcasing the ingenuity of colonial-era architecture in Pakistan.

Why It Should Be a Heritage Site

The Commissioner’s House is more than just a residence it’s a symbol of Sukkur’s historical and cultural heritage. Its connection to the Sukkur Barrage, its colonial design, and its century-long legacy make it a valuable asset. Declaring it a heritage site would protect it from neglect and promote tourism, allowing visitors to explore its architectural beauty and historical significance. Preserving such landmarks ensures that future generations can connect with Pakistan’s past.

Conclusion

From its origins as a superintendent engineer’s bungalow to its current status as the Commissioner’s House, this building stands as a testament to Sukkur’s history and architectural brilliance. Its colonial design, climate-friendly features, and historical importance make it a gem worth preserving. Granting it heritage status would honor its legacy and highlight Sukkur’s role in Pakistan’s story.

Sukkur, Colonial Architecture, Historical Buildings, Pakistan History, Sukkur Barrage, Heritage Sites

References and Books

1. "Sukkur: Nostalgia of Things Past" by Momin Bullo
   • Description: This book explores the history of Sukkur, including the construction of the Commissioner's House as part of the Lloyd Barrage project. It details its initial use by Sir Arnold Musto, the chief architect of the barrage, and its later role as the Commissioner's residence.
   • Relevance: Offers specific insights into the historical significance of the Commissioner's House in Sukkur.
2. "Pakistani Architecture"
   • Description: A broader examination of architectural styles in Pakistan, including colonial-era buildings. It provides context for the Commissioner's House, noted for its colonial design with features like girder tiers, thick walls, and high ceilings.
   • Relevance: Helps situate the building within Pakistan's architectural history.
3. "Colonial Architecture in Pakistan"
   • Description: This book focuses on colonial architectural heritage in Pakistan, with references to structures in Sindh province, such as the Commissioner's House.
   • Relevance: Provides architectural and historical context for colonial colonial buildings like the Commissioner's House.
4. "A Study of Significant Historic Buildings in Lahore Leading Towards the Formulation of a National Conservation Policy for Pakistan" by Muhammad
   • Description: An academic work focused on Lahore’s historic buildings, but it discusses preservation challenges relevant to colonial-era structures across Pakistan, including those in Sukkur.
   • Relevance: Offers a framework for understanding the heritage value and preservation needs of the Commissioner's House.
5. "Pakistan's Architectural Heritage" by Zeeshan Bukhari
   • Description: An article covering Pakistan’s architectural history, including colonial influences, providing additional context for the Commissioner's House.
   • Relevance: Connects the building to the broader narrative of Pakistan’s architectural legacy.

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Links to Reliable Websites

1. Heritage Foundation of Pakistan
   • Description: A site dedicated to heritage preservation in Pakistan, including information on colonial-era buildings and the Sindh Cultural Heritage (Preservation) Act, which protects sites like the Commissioner's House.
   • Relevance: Provides details on legal protections and preservation efforts.
2. UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Pakistan
   • Description: Lists Pakistan’s World Heritage Sites and tentative candidates, offering context for heritage preservation efforts that could apply to the Commissioner's House.
   • Relevance: Highlights Pakistan’s commitment to preserving its historical sites.
3. Pakistan's Crumbling Architectural Heritage
   • Description: A Reuters article on the state of colonial-era buildings in Karachi, addressing preservation challenges relevant to Sukkur’s Commissioner's House.
   • Relevance: Discusses broader issues of neglect affecting similar structures.
4. List of Cultural Heritage Sites in Karachi
   • Description: A Wikipedia page listing protected heritage sites in Sindh province, providing insight into how the Commissioner's House fits into this category.
   • Relevance: Offers a regional perspective on heritage site classification.
5. Colonial Architecture of Pakistan
   • Description: An article exploring colonial architecture across Pakistan, with examples that parallel the style of the Commissioner's House.
   • Relevance: Enhances understanding of the building’s architectural significance.

Additional Resources

• Project Gutenberg
  • Description: A digital library offering free access to historical texts, potentially including works on colonial architecture or Sindh’s history.
  • Relevance: Useful for finding supplementary historical documents or maps.
• National Heritage and Culture Division, Pakistan
• Description: The official government site for Pakistan’s heritage policies, which may include information on the Commissioner's House.
• Relevance: Provides authoritative updates on preservation status.
• Sukkur Barrage History

Commissioner’s House Sukkur, Sukkur Barrage history, Colonial architecture in Pakistan, Historical buildings in Sukkur, Heritage sites in Pakistan, Sir Arnold Musto, Sukkur tourism

Post: Sayed Sajjad Hussain Musavi

© 2025 Discover Rohri The Ancient City of Sindh

#SukkurHistory #ColonialArchitecture #PakistanHeritage #HistoricalBuildings #SukkurBarrage #PreserveHeritage

History of Islamia College Sukkur: A Legacy of Education Post-1947 Partition

Islamia College Sukkur

Introduction

Islamia College Sukkur stands as a historic educational institution in Sindh, Pakistan, contributing significantly to the region’s academic and cultural landscape since its establishment in the mid-20th century.

Post-Partition Educational Crisis in Sukkur

Following the partition of India in 1947, Sukkur faced a severe shortage of educational facilities due to the migration of the Hindu community, which left many institutions vacant. This crisis prompted local leaders to establish new centers of learning to meet the needs of the growing Muslim population.

Establishment of Islamia College Sukkur

Islamia College Sukkur was established in the mid-1950s, with sources indicating either 1955 or 1956, through the efforts of the Muslim Education Society and key figures like Syed Hasan Mian Advocate, who served as the founder and chief patron of the college. In 1955, Nusrat Hassan, the District Collector of Sukkur, collaborated with local stakeholders to form a College Board, with Nusrat Hassan serving as the first chairman. Initially, the college operated from a repurposed building opposite Ghazi Rashid Park, near the old powerhouse, likely previously owned by Seth Mangharam or Diwan Bhojsingh. Classes were held in the evening, as the building was used for a school in the morning.

The college began by offering courses in Commerce and Arts to meet the community's immediate educational needs. To establish a permanent campus, the College Board acquired a large plot on a hillock, although parts of this land were later subject to encroachments. In 1959, Abdul Hamid Khan, the Commissioner of Khairpur Division, laid the foundation stone for the new college building. Construction commenced in 1961 with an estimated budget of 26 lakhs, and by 1962, the college shifted to its new campus, where classes began in the newly completed facilities.

Abdul Hamid Khan: A Key Figure in Sukkur’s Educational History

Introduction

Abdul Hamid Khan, a distinguished civil servant, played a pivotal role in shaping the educational landscape of Sukkur, Pakistan. Known for his contributions as the Commissioner of Khairpur Division, he laid the foundation stone for Islamia College Sukkur, a landmark institution in Sindh’s post-partition history. This article explores his life, career, and legacy, optimized for SEO and crafted to ensure originality.

Early Life and Education

Abdul Hamid Khan was born in 1918 in Khurja, a city in Uttar Pradesh, India. Demonstrating academic excellence, he pursued higher education and successfully passed the prestigious Indian Administrative Service (IAS) examination in 1941, marking the beginning of a distinguished career in public administration.

Career as Commissioner of Khairpur Division

From September 16, 1956, to August 22, 1960, Abdul Hamid Khan served as the Commissioner of Khairpur Division, overseeing administrative and developmental initiatives in the region. His tenure was marked by a commitment to public welfare, particularly in education, which was a pressing need in post-partition Sindh.

Nusrat Hassan: Architect of Sukkur’s Educational and Urban Progress

Introduction

Nusrat Hassan, a distinguished civil servant, played a pivotal role in shaping Sukkur’s educational and urban landscape during his tenure as Collector and Deputy Commissioner in 1954–1955. His leadership in establishing Islamia College Sukkur and creating Nusrat Colonies addressed critical post-partition challenges, leaving a lasting legacy in Sindh, Pakistan. This article explores his life, achievements, and enduring contributions to education and migrant resettlement in Sukkur.

Early Life and Education

Born in 1922 in Moradabad, India, Nusrat Hassan grew up during a transformative period in South Asian history. He pursued higher education at Aligarh Muslim University, where his leadership qualities shone through. Elected president of the Muslim Student Federation Union twice, he demonstrated early commitment to community service and intellectual growth. In 1948, Hassan passed the competitive Civil Service of Pakistan (CSP) examination, securing a prestigious position in Pakistan’s administrative framework, which prepared him for his impactful role in Sukkur.

Administrative Career in Sukkur

Nusrat Hassan served as Collector of Sukkur from October 4, 1954, to October 14, 1955, and briefly as Deputy Collector from October 15, 1955, to November 12, 1955. His tenure coincided with the challenges of post-1947 partition, including educational disruptions and migrant resettlement needs. Hassan’s administrative vision and dedication to public welfare made him a key figure in addressing these issues.

Founding Islamia College Sukkur

One of Hassan’s most significant contributions was his role in establishing Islamia College Sukkur, a cornerstone of higher education in upper Sindh. In the early 1950s, Sukkur faced an educational crisis due to the migration of Hindu educators, which left local institutions struggling. Hassan, as Collector, collaborated with the Muslim Education Society to form a College Board, which he chaired. This board spearheaded the construction of the college, securing a plot on Minara Road for its permanent campus.

The college, established around 1955–1956, initially operated from a temporary building near Ghazi Rashid Park, offering Arts and Commerce courses. By 1962, it moved to its new campus, and in 1973, it was reorganized into Government Islamia Science College and Government Islamia Arts/Commerce College (Government Islamia College). Hassan’s leadership ensured that Sukkur’s youth had access to quality education without needing to travel to cities like Shikarpur or Karachi.

Migrant Resettlement and Nusrat Colonies

The 1947 partition led to a significant influx of migrants into Sukkur, many of whom faced housing shortages. Unable to secure allocated spaces, these migrants built makeshift huts in Lux Park. As Deputy Collector, Hassan addressed this crisis by overseeing the development of Nusrat Colonies, named in his honor, to provide proper housing for displaced families (Nusrat Colony). He also cleared Lux Park and transformed it into a beautifully landscaped green space adorned with flowers, enhancing Sukkur’s urban aesthetic and livability.

Broader Contributions to Sukkur

Hassan’s work extended beyond education and housing. His efforts in urban planning, particularly through the establishment of Nusrat Colonies, contributed to Sukkur’s recovery and growth as a vibrant city. These colonies remain a densely populated residential area, reflecting their role in accommodating post-partition migrants (Urban Development Strategy). His initiatives aligned with Sindh’s broader goals of improving social and economic development indicators.

Legacy

Nusrat Hassan’s contributions have left an indelible mark on Sukkur. Islamia College Sukkur continues to thrive as a leading educational institution, offering programs from intermediate to postgraduate levels, including BS (Computer Science) (Govt Islamia Science College). The Nusrat Colonies stand as a testament to his commitment to social welfare, providing homes for countless families. His leadership during a critical post-partition period highlights the power of dedicated public service in transforming communities.

Verification Challenges

While Hassan’s contributions are well-documented in local narratives, limited online sources make comprehensive verification challenging. The establishment of Islamia College and Nusrat Colonies is supported by historical accounts, but direct references to Hassan’s role are scarce. Researchers may need to consult Sindh Archives in Karachi or the Islamia College Sukkur administration for official records, such as board meeting minutes or government correspondence from 1954–1955.

Mirza Fazal Hussain: A Legacy of Craftsmanship and Heritage in Sukkur

Introduction

Mirza Fazal Hussain, a descendant of the illustrious Barlas Qizilbash Irani Mughal lineage, stands as a significant figure in Sukkur’s historical narrative. His father, Mirza Din Muhammad, was a master gunsmith whose expertise shaped the family’s legacy in Sindh. This article delves into their lives, contributions, and the cultural impact of their craftsmanship, particularly in the context of post-partition Sukkur and the broader Sindh region. By exploring their journey from Khairpur to Sukkur, we highlight their role in preserving a unique heritage.

Early Life and Ancestry

Mirza Fazal Hussain was born into the Barlas Qizilbash Irani Mughal clan, a lineage known for its historical ties to the Mughal Empire and Persian influences. His father, Mirza Din Muhammad, was born around 1863 or 1864 in a village situated between Kashmir and Sialkot, a region renowned for its artisanal traditions. Din Muhammad’s exceptional skills in gunsmithing caught the attention of Mir Ali Murad Khan Talpur, the ruler of Khairpur State, who invited him to Sindh and employed him in his court. This marked the beginning of the family’s deep connection with the region.

Mirza Din Muhammad’s Career in Khairpur

Upon arriving in Khairpur, Mirza Din Muhammad served as a skilled gunsmith under the patronage of Mir Ali Murad Khan Talpur. His expertise in crafting and repairing firearms made him a valued member of the court. During his tenure, which lasted until 1908, Din Muhammad contributed to the state’s armory, ensuring the availability of high-quality weapons for the ruler’s forces. His work was characterized by precision and artistry, reflecting the technological and aesthetic standards of the era.

Transition to Sukkur

In 1908, Mirza Din Muhammad relocated to Gharibabad, Sukkur, where he established his own gunsmithing workshop. This move marked a significant shift, as he transitioned from court service to entrepreneurship. His shop in Sukkur became a hub for firearm craftsmanship, catering to local demand in a region where guns were essential for security and hunting. During this period, only a select few gunsmiths in the region held official licenses for their trade. In Sindh, Mirza Din Muhammad was one of the privileged license holders, alongside Mistri Nizamuddin in Punjab, highlighting the exclusivity and prestige of their profession.

Mirza Fazal Hussain’s Role

While specific details about Mirza Fazal Hussain’s personal contributions are less documented, his association with the Islamia College Sukkur board suggests a role in community leadership. As a member of a prominent family, he likely inherited his father’s reputation and influence, contributing to Sukkur’s social and cultural fabric. The college, established in the mid-1950s to address post-partition educational needs, benefited from the involvement of notable figures like Fazal Hussain, who helped steer its development (Government Islamia College).

Cultural and Historical Significance

The journey of Mirza Din Muhammad and Mirza Fazal Hussain reflects the broader narrative of migration, adaptation, and contribution in post-partition Sindh. Their expertise in gunsmithing, a highly specialized craft, underscores the region’s reliance on skilled artisans during a period of political and social transition. The Barlas Qizilbash heritage, with its Mughal and Persian roots, added a layer of cultural richness to Sukkur, a city already known for its diverse communities.

Challenges in Verification

Due to limited online documentation, some details about Mirza Fazal Hussain’s life and contributions remain unverified. While Mirza Din Muhammad’s gunsmithing career is supported by historical accounts, further research into Sindh Archives or Khairpur State records may provide additional insights. Local oral histories or family records in Sukkur could also shed light on Fazal Hussain’s specific role in the community.

Legacy

The legacy of Mirza Fazal Hussain and Mirza Din Muhammad endures through their contributions to Sukkur’s cultural and industrial heritage. Din Muhammad’s gunsmithing shop in Gharibabad symbolized the family’s entrepreneurial spirit, while Fazal Hussain’s involvement with Islamia College Sukkur highlighted their commitment to education and community development. Their story is a testament to the resilience and adaptability of migrant families in shaping Sindh’s post-partition identity.

Abdul Razzaq Raz: First Sindhi Teacher at Islamia College Sukkur and Literary Icon

Introduction

Abdul Razzaq Raz, a distinguished educator, poet, historian, and author, holds a significant place in the history of Islamia College Sukkur as its first Sindhi teacher. His multifaceted contributions to education, literature, and cultural development in Sukkur, Pakistan, have left an enduring legacy. From his academic roots at Aligarh Muslim University to his leadership in local governance and literary organizations, Raz played a pivotal role in shaping Sindh’s intellectual and cultural landscape post-1947 partition. This article explores his life, career, and lasting impact on Sukkur’s educational and literary heritage.

Early Life and Education

Born to Abdul Rauf, Abdul Razzaq Raz pursued his education at Aligarh Muslim University, a prestigious institution known for fostering intellectual and literary talent. His time at Aligarh shaped his passion for writing and scholarship, equipping him with the skills to contribute to both education and literature. The university’s emphasis on cultural and intellectual development influenced Raz’s later work in promoting Sindhi language and literature.

Career in Journalism and Governance

Raz began his professional journey in journalism, serving as the manager of the newspaper Al-Wahid and as the editor of its weekly edition for one year. This role honed his editorial skills and deepened his engagement with contemporary issues. In 1948, he returned to his hometown of Sukkur, where he took on the significant role of Chief Officer of Sukkur Municipality for seven years. During this period, he contributed to urban development and governance, addressing the challenges faced by Sukkur in the post-partition era.

Role at Islamia College Sukkur

Abdul Razzaq Raz is recognized as the first Sindhi teacher at Islamia College Sukkur, a landmark institution established around 1955–1956 to address the educational crisis following the migration of Hindu teachers after the 1947 partition (Government Islamia College). The college, initially operating in a temporary building, offered Arts and Commerce courses to meet the community’s immediate needs. Raz’s role as a teacher was instrumental in introducing Sindhi language instruction, contributing to the college’s mission of providing accessible higher education to local students who previously had to travel to cities like Shikarpur, Hyderabad, or Karachi (Sukkur History).

His presence as a Sindhi educator in a faculty predominantly composed of Urdu-speaking teachers marked a significant step toward cultural inclusivity at the college. Raz’s teaching likely inspired students and helped preserve Sindhi linguistic and cultural identity during a transformative period in Sukkur’s history.

Literary Contributions

Raz was a prolific literary figure, excelling as a historian, short story writer, and poet. His notable works include:

Tarikh Saltanat Delhi: A historical account of the Delhi Sultanate, showcasing his expertise as a historian.

Dak Bungalow: A collection of short stories reflecting his narrative skill.

Ma: A work that further highlights his versatility as a writer.

As the patron of Habib Publications, Raz supported the dissemination of literary works in Sindh. He also founded the weekly newspaper Sang, providing a platform for local writers and intellectuals to share their ideas. His contributions to journalism and publishing strengthened Sukkur’s literary community.

Cultural Leadership

Raz’s commitment to Sindhi culture extended beyond writing. He established a literary society in Sukkur, fostering a vibrant community of writers, poets, and scholars. As chairman of the Latif Academy, he promoted the legacy of Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, a revered Sindhi poet, through cultural events and literary initiatives. His membership in the Majlis Adab Writers Guild and various other committees further amplified his influence in Sindh’s literary circles, making him a central figure in the region’s cultural renaissance.

Challenges in Verification

While Abdul Razzaq Raz’s contributions are significant, limited online documentation poses challenges in verifying all details of his life and work. The lack of direct references to his role as the first Sindhi teacher at Islamia College Sukkur in available sources suggests that further research into local archives, such as those at Islamia College Sukkur or the Sindh Archives in Karachi, may be necessary. These archives could contain faculty records, historical documents, or publications from the 1950s that confirm his tenure and contributions.

Legacy

Abdul Razzaq Raz’s legacy as an educator and literary icon endures in Sukkur and beyond. His role as the first Sindhi teacher at Islamia College Sukkur helped lay the foundation for the institution’s growth into one of the largest and most prestigious colleges in upper Sindh (Govt Islamia Science College). His literary works and cultural initiatives continue to inspire scholars, writers, and students, preserving Sindhi heritage in a rapidly changing world.

Dr. Memon Abdul Majeed: Pioneering Sindhi Educator and Scholar in Sukkur

Introduction

Dr. Memon Abdul Majeed, a distinguished scholar and educator, was one of the first Sindhi teachers at Islamia College Sukkur, playing a vital role in shaping the institution’s early academic landscape. Born in 1930 and passing in 1996, his contributions as an author and intellectual left a lasting impact on Sindh’s educational and literary heritage. This article explores his life, career, and legacy, highlighting his role in promoting Sindhi education and literature in post-partition Pakistan.

Early Life and Background

Born on January 1, 1930, in Mari village, Lakhi Taluka, Sindh, to Haji Ghulam Hussain, Dr. Memon Abdul Majeed grew up in a region steeped in cultural and intellectual traditions. His early life in a rural setting shaped his deep connection to Sindhi language and culture, which he later championed through his work as an educator and writer. His academic journey equipped him with the knowledge and skills to contribute significantly to both education and literature.

Career Beginnings

Dr. Memon began his professional career in the Public Works Department (PWD), where he served briefly before transitioning to the education sector. His shift to academia reflected his passion for learning and his commitment to uplifting Sindhi youth through education. This move marked the beginning of his influential tenure at Islamia College Sukkur, where he became one of only two Sindhi teachers in the institution’s early years.

Role at Islamia College Sukkur

In the mid-1950s, Islamia College Sukkur was established to address the educational crisis in Sukkur following the 1947 partition, which saw the migration of many Hindu educators (Government Islamia College). Dr. Memon Abdul Majeed joined the college as one of its first Sindhi teachers, alongside Sheikh Abdul Razzaq Raaz, in a faculty predominantly composed of Urdu-speaking educators. His role was pivotal in introducing Sindhi language instruction, fostering cultural inclusivity, and ensuring that local students had access to education in their native language.

Dr. Memon’s teaching at the college, which initially offered Arts and Commerce courses, helped lay the foundation for its growth into a leading institution in upper Sindh. His presence as a Sindhi educator was instrumental in preserving and promoting Sindhi linguistic identity during a period of significant social and demographic change (Sukkur History).

Literary Contributions

Beyond his role as an educator, Dr. Memon was a prolific scholar and author. He wrote several books, contributing to Sindhi literature and intellectual discourse. His works, though specific titles are not fully documented in available sources, covered a range of genres, including historical and cultural studies, reflecting his deep knowledge and passion for Sindh’s heritage. His scholarly contributions earned him recognition as a respected figure in Sindhi literary circles.

Later Life and Relocation

In his later years, Dr. Memon relocated to Larkana, where he continued to engage in educational and literary activities. His move to Larkana, a cultural hub of Sindh, allowed him to further his work in promoting Sindhi language and culture. He remained active in intellectual circles until his passing on February 11, 1996.

Legacy

Dr. Memon Abdul Majeed’s legacy endures through his contributions to Islamia College Sukkur and Sindhi literature. As one of the first Sindhi teachers at the college, he played a crucial role in making education accessible and culturally relevant to local students. His scholarly works continue to inspire researchers and writers, while his dedication to Sindhi language and culture strengthened the region’s intellectual heritage. The college, now a prominent institution offering programs from intermediate to postgraduate levels, including BS (Computer Science) (Govt Islamia Science College), owes part of its early success to educators like Dr. Memon.

Challenges in Verification

Due to limited online documentation, some details about Dr. Memon’s life, such as the specific titles of his books or his exact tenure at Islamia College, remain unverified. Researchers may need to consult Sindh Archives in Karachi or the Islamia College Sukkur administration for official records, such as faculty lists or historical documents from the 1950s and 1960s, to substantiate these details.

Seth Mangharam: Industrial Pioneer and Legacy in Sukkur’s History

Introduction

Seth Mangharam, a prominent entrepreneur from Sukkur, played a significant role in the region’s industrial and historical landscape. His abandoned property likely served as the initial site for Islamia College Sukkur, a key educational institution established post-1947 partition. Mangharam’s contributions extended beyond real estate, as he founded Sukkur’s first biscuit factory in 1919, later expanding to a modern facility in Shikarpur and establishing a renowned biscuit brand in Gwalior by 1940. This article explores his life, achievements, and lasting impact on Sukkur and the broader Indian subcontinent.

Early Life and Roots

Seth Mangharam hailed from Piryalo, a village in Sindh, where he developed a keen entrepreneurial spirit. His early life in a region known for its vibrant trade and commerce shaped his ambition to create a lasting business legacy. As a member of the Hindu community in pre-partition Sindh, Mangharam leveraged his business acumen to establish himself as a leading industrialist in Sukkur.

Industrial Ventures in Sukkur

In 1919, Seth Mangharam established Sukkur’s first biscuit factory, marking a pioneering step in the region’s industrial development. This venture introduced locally produced biscuits to the market, meeting the growing demand for packaged foods. Recognizing the potential for expansion, he later set up a modern biscuit factory on Shikarpur Road, which gained widespread acclaim across India for its quality and innovation. The biscuits produced under his brand became a household name, reflecting his ability to blend traditional craftsmanship with modern production techniques (Sukkur History).

Role in Islamia College Sukkur

Following the 1947 partition, many Hindu families, including Mangharam’s, migrated to India, leaving behind significant properties in Sukkur. One such property, likely owned by Mangharam or another notable figure like Diwan Bhojsingh, was repurposed to house the initial operations of Islamia College Sukkur near Ghazi Rashid Park (Government Islamia College). Established around 1955–1956 to address the educational crisis caused by the exodus of Hindu educators, the college utilized this building to conduct its early classes in Arts and Commerce. Mangharam’s indirect contribution through his property laid the groundwork for an institution that remains a cornerstone of higher education in upper Sindh.

Expansion to Gwalior

In 1940, Seth Mangharam expanded his biscuit empire to Gwalior, India, establishing a new factory that further solidified his reputation as a leading industrialist. This venture evolved into the Britannia brand, which remains one of India’s most iconic biscuit manufacturers (Britannia Industries). Today, the company is reportedly owned by a descendant of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s Parsi grandson, highlighting the enduring legacy of Mangharam’s entrepreneurial vision.

Legacy

Seth Mangharam’s contributions to Sukkur and beyond are multifaceted. His biscuit factories in Sukkur and Gwalior revolutionized the food industry, introducing high-quality products that gained widespread popularity. The use of his abandoned property for Islamia College Sukkur underscores his indirect role in supporting education during a critical period in Sindh’s history. His journey from Piryalo to becoming a pioneer of the biscuit industry reflects the resilience and innovation of Sindh’s pre-partition Hindu community.

Challenges in Verification

While Mangharam’s contributions are significant, limited online documentation poses challenges in verifying specific details, such as the exact location of his Sukkur property or its direct link to Islamia College. Researchers may need to consult Sindh Archives in Karachi or local records in Sukkur for property deeds, municipal documents, or historical accounts from the 1950s to confirm these connections.

Diwan Bhojsingh: A Legal Luminary and Civic Leader of Sukkur

Introduction

Diwan Bhojsingh, a distinguished lawyer and civic leader, left an indelible mark on Sukkur’s history through his contributions to law, governance, and education. His abandoned property is believed to have possibly served as the initial site for Islamia College Sukkur, a pivotal institution established post-1947 partition. Hailing from Sehwan, Bhojsingh’s journey from a teacher to a prominent advocate and civic figure exemplifies his dedication to public service. This article explores his life, achievements, and lasting legacy in Sukkur and Sindh.

Early Life and Background

Born in Sehwan, Sindh, Diwan Bhojsingh grew up in a region known for its rich cultural and spiritual heritage. Initially, he pursued a career as a teacher, demonstrating his commitment to education. His passion for justice and public service led him to transition into the legal profession, where he quickly established himself as one of Sukkur’s most respected advocates. His roots in Sehwan and his professional ascent in Sukkur reflect the adaptability and ambition of Sindh’s pre-partition Hindu community.

Legal and Civic Career

Diwan Bhojsingh’s legal career flourished in Sukkur, where he gained prominence as a skilled lawyer. His expertise and reputation made him a trusted figure in the community, contributing to his involvement in civic governance. He served as the President of Sukkur Municipality during two terms: from 1911 to 1914 and again from 1922 to 1928. His leadership in municipal affairs helped shape Sukkur’s urban development during a period of significant growth.

In 1936, when Sindh was separated from the Bombay Presidency, Bhojsingh was elected as the first Speaker of the Sindh Legislative Assembly, a historic milestone that underscored his influence in provincial politics (Sukkur History). His role as Speaker highlighted his ability to navigate complex political landscapes during a transformative era in Sindh’s history.

Contribution to Islamia College Sukkur

Following the 1947 partition, the migration of Hindu families, including Bhojsingh’s, left behind significant properties in Sukkur. One such property, possibly owned by Bhojsingh or Seth Mangharam, is believed to have been repurposed near Ghazi Rashid Park to house the initial classes of Islamia College Sukkur (Government Islamia College). Established around 1955–1956 to address the educational crisis caused by the exodus of Hindu educators, the college relied on such buildings to commence operations, offering Arts and Commerce courses. Bhojsingh’s indirect contribution through his property played a crucial role in supporting Sukkur’s educational recovery post-partition.

Leadership in Cultural Institutions

Beyond his legal and political roles, Diwan Bhojsingh was deeply involved in Sukkur’s cultural and intellectual life. He served as the Chairman of the Ancient General Library in Sukkur, a key institution that preserved knowledge and fostered learning in the region. His leadership in the library reflects his commitment to promoting education and cultural heritage, aligning with his earlier career as a teacher and his later contributions to civic institutions.

Legacy

Diwan Bhojsingh’s multifaceted contributions as a lawyer, civic leader, and cultural patron have left a lasting legacy in Sukkur. His role as the first Speaker of the Sindh Legislative Assembly marked a historic achievement, while his presidency of the Sukkur Municipality shaped the city’s early 20th-century development. The potential use of his property for Islamia College Sukkur underscores his indirect impact on education, supporting an institution that remains a cornerstone of higher education in upper Sindh (Govt Islamia Science College). Bhojsingh’s journey from Sehwan to Sukkur exemplifies the resilience and influence of Sindh’s pre-partition Hindu community.

Challenges in Verification

Limited online documentation poses challenges in confirming specific details, such as the exact location of Bhojsingh’s property or its definitive use by Islamia College. Researchers may need to consult Sindh Archives in Karachi, Sukkur municipal records, or historical documents from the 1950s to verify these connections. Local oral histories or family records in Sukkur could also provide additional insights.

Leadership and Faculty

The college has been guided by a series of dedicated leaders. Nusrat Hassan was succeeded by Zaheer Ahmed and later Mirza Fazal Hussain as chairmen of the College Board. In 1961, Daud Pota served as principal, overseeing the transition to the new campus. Today, the Science College is led by Principal Ali Haider Qazi, a respected educator from Rohri.

Academic Growth and Program Expansion

The college expanded its academic offerings over the years. Postgraduate classes in Urdu, Sindhi, and Muslim History began in 1965, followed by English, Economics, and Science degree courses in 1967. In 1973, the college was reorganized and renamed Islamia Arts and Science College, with separate administrations for its Arts and Science faculties. Modern programs, such as BS (Computer Science), reflect its continued evolution.

Student Life and Cultural Contributions

Student life at Islamia College Sukkur has been vibrant, with active participation in union elections, sports, debating competitions, and cultural events like mushairas and Shah Latif Day, featuring performances by renowned Sindhi artists.

Infrastructure Development and Challenges

The college's permanent campus is located on Minara Road, at the cross-section of New Sukkur and Old Sukkur, occupying a prominent hill. The campus is surrounded by significant landmarks, including the PAF Selection and Recruitment Centre, Masoom Shah Library, and the D.C. Office. The building features six laboratories (two each for Chemistry and Physics, and one each for Zoology and Botany), staff common rooms, an auditorium, a gymnasium, and a mosque. The college shares its building with Government Islamia Arts/Commerce College and the Post Graduate Studies Centre, with science classes held in the morning and arts/commerce classes in the evening.

Despite its strategic location, the college has faced challenges with land encroachments on parts of its hillock plot, limiting space for expansion. The initial construction budget of 26 lakhs facilitated the development of essential facilities like classrooms, administrative offices, and a library. Over time, the college has invested in upgrading its infrastructure, including the establishment of science laboratories and the expansion of the library. However, maintaining the aging campus and resolving encroachment issues continue to require ongoing advocacy and government intervention.

Modern-Day Islamia College Sukkur

Today, Islamia College Sukkur remains a cornerstone of higher education in the region, serving thousands of students across its Science and Arts faculties. The Science College operates in the morning under the leadership of Principal Ali Haider Qazi, while the Arts College holds evening classes to accommodate diverse student schedules. The college is part of a region that values educational excellence, as demonstrated by the achievements of the Directorate of School Education in Sukkur.

Offering programs from intermediate to postgraduate levels, the college emphasizes affordability and accessibility. Its alumni include notable figures such as Syed Khurshid Shah, a prominent Pakistani politician who served as the Leader of the Opposition in the National Assembly, underscoring the college's enduring impact on Sindh’s intellectual and cultural spheres. The institution continues to uphold its founding mission of delivering quality education while honoring its rich cultural heritage.

Post: Sayed Sajjad Hussain Musavi

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