Exploring Sindh: A Travel Guide to Rohri, Sukkur, and Ancient Harappa and Mohenjo Daro

Exploring Sindh: A Travel Guide to Rohri, Sukkur, and Ancient Harappa and Mohenjo Daro

Sindh, a province rich in history and culture, invites travelers to explore its vibrant cities and ancient archaeological wonders. From the bustling transport hubs of Rohri Railway Station, Sukkur Airport, and Daewoo Bus Terminal to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, Sindh offers a perfect blend of accessibility and heritage. This comprehensive travel guide provides everything you need to plan your journey through this fascinating region of Pakistan.

Getting to Sindh: Transportation Options

Sindh’s well-connected transportation network makes it easy to reach its key destinations. Here’s a breakdown of the main hubs:

Rohri Railway Station (Junction) and Sukkur Railway Station: Gateways to Sindh

• Location: Rohri, Sindhion
• Significance: A major railway junction linking Sindh to Karachi, Lahore, and Peshawar.
• Services: Trains like the Khushal Khan Khattak Express stop here, offering connectivity across Pakistan.
• Tips: Book tickets in advance via Pakistan Railways’ official website or at the station. From Rohri, Sukkur is just a short taxi ride away.

Pakistan Railways Officially Website: Pakrailways.gov.pk

Sukkur Airport

• Location: Near Sukkur, approximately 32 km from Khairpur.
• Services: Domestic flights operated by Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) connect Sukkur to Karachi, Islamabad, and Lahore.
• Details: This smaller airport handles ATR 42 aircraft, with limited but reliable service.
• Tips: Check flight schedules on PIA’s website, as frequency may vary seasonally.

Pakistan International Airlines PIA: Piac.com.pk

Daewoo Bus Terminal

• Location: Sukkur, Sindh
• Significance: A hub for comfortable, air-conditioned bus travel.
• Routes: Connects Sukkur to major cities like Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad.
• Tips: Daewoo’s online booking system ensures a hassle-free reservation. The terminal offers clean facilities and regular departures.

Daewoo Pakistan Express Bus Service: Daewoo.com.pk

MotorWay

Navigating Sindh: A Guide to Pakistan’s Longest Motorway and Key Travel Routes

Sindh, a province steeped in history and modernity, is a gateway to Pakistan’s cultural and archaeological treasures. With an efficient transportation network, including Pakistan’s longest motorway, the M-5 Multan-Sukkur Motorway, and the under-construction Hyderabad-Sukkur Motorway (M-6), travelers can seamlessly explore both vibrant cities and ancient sites like Mohenjo Daro. This guide details the best routes, including the N5 highway and Karachi-Sukkur road, to help you plan your journey through Sindh.

Pakistan’s Longest Motorway: M-5 Multan-Sukkur Motorway

The M-5 Multan-Sukkur Motorway, spanning 392 km, holds the title of Pakistan’s longest motorway. This six-lane, high-speed (120 km/h), controlled-access highway connects Multan in Punjab to Sukkur in Sindh, forming a critical part of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Completed in August 2019, it features 54 bridges, including a major one over the Sutlej River, and passes through cities like Shujabad, Jalalpur Pirwala, Rahimyar Khan, and Pano Aqil. Costing approximately $2.94 billion, it was primarily financed by Chinese loans at a 1.6% interest rate.

Why It Matters

The M-5 enhances connectivity between northern and southern Pakistan, reducing travel time and boosting trade. From Sukkur, travelers can access key Sindh destinations, including Mohenjo Daro and Rohri, via connected highways like the N5.

Hyderabad-Sukkur Motorway (M-6): The Future of Travel

The Hyderabad-Sukkur Motorway (M-6), a 306-km, six-lane project

Motorway, Infrastructure, Pakistan, Development, Transportation, CPEC

How to Visit Harappa and Mohenjo Daro

Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, remnants of the Indus Valley Civilization (circa 2600 BCE), are must-visit destinations for history enthusiasts. Below is a detailed guide to reaching and exploring these iconic sites.

Visiting Harappa

• Location: Near Sahiwal, Punjab (technically outside Sindh but often included in Sindh travel itineraries due to proximity and historical ties).
• How to Get There:
  • By Train: Take a train to Sahiwal Railway Station from Rohri or Lahore, then hire a taxi or local bus (30-minute ride).
  • By Road: From Lahore, drive 200 km via the Lahore-Multan Road (3 hours). Daewoo buses from Sukkur to Lahore can connect you to this route.
• What to See:
  • Harappa Museum: Displays artifacts like pottery and seals.
  • Citadel and Granary: Evidence of advanced urban planning.
• Tips: Wear comfortable shoes for walking the site. Entry fees are affordable, with a slightly higher rate for foreigners.

Visiting Mohenjo Daro

• Location: Larkana District, Sindh, 30 km from Larkana city.
• How to Get There:
  • By Air: Fly into Sukkur Airport, then drive or take a bus to Larkana (2 hours). Alternatively, PIA offers thrice-weekly flights from Karachi to Mohenjo Daro Airport.
  • By Train: From Rohri Railway Station, board a train to Dokri (11 km from the site), followed by a rickshaw or taxi ride.
  • By Bus: From Sukkur’s Daewoo Bus Terminal, travel to Larkana, then take a local van or rickshaw to Mohenjo Daro.
• What to See:
  • Great Bath: A marvel of ancient engineering.
  • Buddhist Stupa: A later addition to the site.
  • Drainage Systems: Showcasing sophisticated urban design.
• Tips: Visit between October and March for pleasant weather. Hire a local guide (e.g., operators like Irshad Solangi) for deeper insights.

Discovering Sukkur and Rohri

While en route to Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, explore the cultural and historical gems of Sukkur and Rohri.

Sukkur Highlights

• Sukkur Barrage: An engineering feat controlling the Indus River’s flow, offering scenic views.
• Tomb of Seven Sisters: A spiritual site with intricate architecture.
• Dining: Enjoy Sindhi biryani and sajji at local eateries near the barrage.

Rohri Highlights

• Rohri Fort: A hilltop fortress with stunning vistas of the Indus Valley.
• Lansdowne Bridge: A steel masterpiece connecting Rohriand Sukkur, perfect for photography.
• Accessibility: Rohri Railway Station makes it a convenient stopover.

Both cities offer budget and mid-range accommodations, such as the RT Grace Hotel in Sukkur or government rest houses.

Practical Travel Information

Accommodations

• Sukkur: Budget hotels and mid-range options are plentiful. Book early during peak seasons (winter months).
• Larkana: Near Mohenjo Daro, opt for guesthouses or hotels in the city center.
• Sahiwal: Basic lodging is available for Harappa visitors.

Dining

• Savor Sindhi cuisine, including spicy biryani, grilled sajji, and fresh river fish. Restaurants near transport hubs and attractions cater to all budgets.

Safety and Currency

• Safety: Sindh is generally safe, but avoid remote areas at night and check local travel advisories.
• Currency: Pakistani Rupee (PKR). ATMs are widely available in Sukkur and Larkana.

Why Visit Sindh?

Sindh’s unique appeal lies in its seamless blend of past and present. Rohri Railway Station, Sukkur Airport, and Daewoo Bus Terminal provide modern gateways to a region where history whispers through the ruins of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro. Whether you’re a history buff, a culture seeker, or an adventure traveler, Sindh promises an unforgettable journey.

References

• UNESCO World Heritage Centre: Harappa and Mohenjo Daro
• Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation: Travel Information
• Lonely Planet: Pakistan Travel Guide

Recommended Books

• The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective by Gregory L. Possehl
• Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization by John Marshall

 #sindhtravel #harappa #mohenjodaro #pakistantourism

The Sukkur Madrassa Boarding House: A Historical Journey to Agha Nizamuddin Girls College

The Sukkur Madrassa Boarding House: A Historical Journey to Agha Nizamuddin Girls College

The foundation stone plaque of Madressah Tul Islam Sukkur, laid by the Right Honourable Lord Lamington, Governor of Bombay, on January 3rd, 1905.

Nestled in the vibrant city of Sukkur, Sindh, stands a building that encapsulates over a century of educational heritage. Originally constructed as the Sukkur Madrassa Boarding House in 1911, this historical landmark has transformed into the Agha Nizamuddin Girls College, serving as a vital educational institution for women. This article explores its rich history, architectural evolution, key figures involved, and its enduring significance as a symbol of education in Sindh.

Understanding Madrasas: A Historical Context

A historical photograph from 1940 showing the view of Minara Road near the Sindh Madressa Boarding House. The image captures a bustling street with people walking and a prominent multi-story building with arched windows on the left side.

Madrasas, meaning "schools" in Arabic, have long been pillars of education in the Islamic world. Beyond religious instruction, many madrasas provided secular learning and residential facilities for students. The Sukkur Madrassa Boarding House emerged from this tradition, offering Muslim students a place to live and study while attending the nearby Municipal High School, now Government High School on Minara Road, Sukkur.

The Early History of Sukkur Madrassa Boarding House

A photograph of a boarding house from the 1940s, showcasing its architectural design with two levels of arches and brick construction.

The foundation of the Sukkur Madrassa Boarding House was laid in 1905, a pivotal moment in Sukkur’s educational history. According to Tarikh Sukkur by Rahim Dad Khan Molaei Shidai, the foundation stone was placed by Jean Louis Rieu, the Collector of Sukkur at the time. However, a marble plaque on the building attributes the ceremony to Baron Lamington, Governor of Bombay, on January 3, 1905. This dual recognition likely reflects the collaboration between local and provincial authorities.

In 1906, the District Madrassa Board was formed to oversee the project. Prominent members included Khan Bahadur Pir Bakhsh, Abdul Rahman Pirzado (father of Sindh Chief Minister Abdul Sattar Pirzado and grandfather of lawyer Abdul Hafeez Pirzado), Pir Karim Ali Shah, and Master Habibullah. Their efforts culminated in the completion of the boarding house in 1911, providing a two-story residence and mosque for students.

Construction and Architectural Features

Construction of the Sukkur Madrassa Boarding House began with a single-story structure, completed in 1911 at a cost of Rs. 17,236. In 1941, a second floor was added for Rs. 6,750, expanding its capacity. The building included a mosque, reflecting its dual role as a residential and spiritual hub. While detailed architectural descriptions are scarce, its colonial-era design aligns with the functional aesthetics of educational buildings in early 20th-century Sindh, likely featuring high ceilings and a practical layout.

The land was originally a municipal plot allocated in 1903, highlighting the community’s commitment to education. This investment paid off as the boarding house became a cornerstone of Sukkur’s educational landscape.

Key Figures Who Shaped Its Legacy

The Sukkur Madrassa Boarding House owes much to its visionary founders. Khan Bahadur Pir Bakhsh was a leading advocate for education in Sukkur. He also presided over Anjuman Islam, founded in 1898 by Pir Ghous Ali Shah Jilani to promote Muslim education and welfare. Following Pir Ghous Ali Shah’s death in 1905, his nephew Pir Karim Ali Shah attempted to establish a rival Anjuman Islam in 1910 but failed due to Khan Bahadur Pir Bakhsh’s influence.

Khan Bahadur Pir Bakhsh Khan (1854–25 January 1935), a prominent civic figure whose presidency of Anjuman Islam led to the construction of the boarding house. He served as Deputy Collector, member of the Bombay Council, President of Sukkur Municipality and Sukkur District Local Board, and later as a Special Magistrate after retirement.

Syed Ghaus Ali Shah Gilani (1842–1905), a distinguished civic leader and founder of the Anjuman Islam Boarding House. He served as a continuous member of the Sukkur Municipality for 44 years and oversaw the construction of the boarding house building through his organization.

Syed Pir Karam Ali Shah Gilani, nephew of Anjuman Islam founder Syed Ghaus Ali Shah, served as a member of the Sukkur Municipality for 50 years. He held roles as Honorary Magistrate, President of Auqaf, and succeeded his uncle as President of Anjuman Islam. He was also a member of the construction board for the Anjuman Islam Boarding House.

Mian Rahim Bakhsh (1883–1947), son of Khan Bahadur Pir Bakhsh, became President of Anjuman Islam after his father's passing. He began his career as a clerk in the Revenue Department and rose to the rank of Deputy Collector. He also served as Vice President of Sukkur Municipality and was briefly President of the Sukkur Muslim League.

Abdul Rahman Pirzado and other board members also played critical roles, ensuring the project’s success. After Khan Bahadur Pir Bakhsh’s death in 1935, his son Mian Rahim Bakhsh took over Anjuman Islam, though it faced challenges from figures like Pir Ali Muhammad Rashdi and Rahim Dad Khan Molaei Shidai.

Transformation into Agha Nizamuddin Girls College

The building’s purpose evolved over time. It remained under the Sindh Madrassa Board until 1960, then affiliated with Government High School until 1962. From 1962 to 1967, it operated as a government college. In October 1968, the management board established Aga Nizamuddin Girls College within its walls, marking a shift toward women’s education. The adjacent Sindh Madrassa Board Girls School, also under the same board, was nationalized by the government in 1972 alongside the college.

This transformation reflects broader societal changes in Sindh, emphasizing access to education for women and the adaptive reuse of historical structures.

Current Status and Preservation Efforts

This image shows the former Madrasa Board Hostel, now integrated into Agha Nizamuddin Girls College, captured from Minara Road. The structure reflects its historical roots while serving modern educational purposes.

Today, Agha Nizamuddin Girls College continues to educate young women within this historic building. Recent reports indicate that the upper portion’s roof has undergone repairs, signaling ongoing efforts to maintain its integrity. As a treasured piece of Sukkur’s historical capital, the building stands as a testament to the city’s educational legacy.

Preserving such landmarks is essential. Experts in architecture and heritage conservation should be engaged to restore the building to its original form, ensuring its historical value endures for future generations. This balance of functionality and preservation keeps the spirit of the Sukkur Madrassa Boarding House alive.

The Broader Educational Landscape in Sukkur

The boarding house was part of a vibrant educational scene in early 20th-century Sukkur. The Sukkur District Local Board, as noted in historical accounts, supported various initiatives, while the city’s diverse communities Muslims and Hindus lived harmoniously, fostering a culture of learning. This context underscores the boarding house’s role in a larger movement to advance education in Sindh.

Conclusion

From its origins as the Sukkur Madrassa Boarding House to its current incarnation as Agha Nizamuddin Girls College, this building embodies a remarkable journey of adaptation and resilience. It honors the vision of its founders Khan Bahadur Pir Bakhsh, Abdul Rahman Pirzado, and others while meeting modern educational needs. By safeguarding this historical treasure, Sukkur preserves a vital link to its past and a foundation for its future.

References

Molaei Shidai, Rahim Dad Khan. Tarikh Sukkur.  

The Top 5 Historic Sites in Rohri You Can’t Miss! - www.rohri.net  

Old Sukkur Panchayat - History of Sukkur - oldsukkur.org  

Madrasa | Encyclopedia.com - www.encyclopedia.com  

Madrasa - Wikipedia - en.wikipedia.org

Sayed Imdad Hussain Shah Rizvi. Personal communication or unpublished record.

Post: Sayed Sajjad Hussain Musavi

© 2025 Discover Rohri The Ancient City of Sindh

#sukkurhistory #sindhheritage #educationinsindh #historicallandmarks

Exploring the Historic Ladies Park in Sukkur: A Tribute to Dharamdas and Tolaram

Exploring the Historic Ladies Park in Sukkur: A Tribute to Dharamdas and Tolaram

Introduction

Nestled along Bandar Road in Sukkur, Pakistan, the Ladies Park stands as a historical treasure and a symbol of cultural progress. Established in 1936 by the Sunder Shivak Sabha, this park was dedicated to the memory of Dharamdas and Tolaram, two figures revered by the community. In 1940, Kewalram Lahori Mal Bhattia added a swimming pool to the park, enhancing its appeal and functionality. This article takes you on a journey through the park’s history, its significance as a women’s space, and the legacy it continues to uphold in Sukkur, a city rich in heritage.

A vintage photograph showcasing a formal garden with a central well and an elevated pavilion, highlighting historical architecture and landscaping.

The Historical Context of Sukkur

Sukkur, a prominent city in Sindh, Pakistan, has been a hub of trade and culture for centuries, thanks to its location along the Indus River. During the British colonial period, the city saw significant development, including the construction of the Lansdowne Bridge and the Sukkur Barrage, which remain iconic landmarks. It was in this era of transformation that the Ladies Park emerged, reflecting the evolving social dynamics of the time. The Sunder Shivak Sabha, a community organization likely rooted in Hindu traditions, spearheaded this initiative, showcasing the diverse influences that shaped pre-partition Sukkur.

The Creation of Ladies Park

The Ladies Park was a pioneering project when it opened in 1936. Designed specifically for women, it provided a rare public space where they could relax, socialize, and enjoy leisure activities. In the 1930s, such opportunities were scarce for women in Pakistan, making the park a bold and progressive endeavor. Located on Bandar Road, one of Sukkur’s busiest streets, the park was easily accessible and quickly became a cherished spot for the city’s female residents.

The park was built by the Sunder Shivak Sabha in memory of Dharamdas and Tolaram, two individuals whose contributions to the community warranted such a tribute. While historical records about their lives are limited, their association with the park suggests they were philanthropists or social reformers who left a lasting impact. The choice of a women’s park as their memorial hints at their possible advocacy for women’s welfare or community upliftment.

The Swimming Pool Addition

In 1940, the Ladies Park gained an exciting new feature: a swimming pool constructed by Kewalram Lahori Mal Bhattia. This addition elevated the park’s status, offering women a modern recreational facility that was uncommon in Sukkur at the time. Swimming pools were a luxury in the early 20th century, and providing one exclusively for women underscored the park’s commitment to their well-being and empowerment.

Kewalram Lahori Mal Bhattia, the benefactor behind the pool, was likely a prominent figure in Sukkur’s society, perhaps a businessman or community leader. His decision to fund the swimming pool reflects a vision of progress and a desire to enhance public amenities. The pool not only served as a place for leisure but also encouraged physical activity among women, aligning with emerging trends in urban recreation.

Significance of the Ladies Park

The Ladies Park holds profound cultural and social importance. Its establishment as a women-only space challenged the norms of a male-dominated society, offering a sanctuary where women could thrive. This was particularly meaningful in the context of 1930s Pakistan, where gender roles were rigidly defined. The park’s creation by the Sunder Shivak Sabha also highlights the role of community organizations in driving social change, a legacy that resonates even today.

The addition of the swimming pool further amplified the park’s significance. It symbolized modernity and inclusivity, providing women with access to a sport and leisure activity that was largely reserved for men. Together, the park and pool became a beacon of empowerment and a testament to Sukkur’s multicultural heritage, shaped by contributions from diverse communities.

Legacy and Modern Relevance

Nearly a century after its inception, the Ladies Park remains a vital part of Sukkur’s identity. Though the city has evolved, and its demographic makeup has shifted since the partition of 1947, the park endures as a link to the past. It stands as a tribute to the vision of the Sunder Shivak Sabha and the generosity of individuals like Kewalram Lahori Mal Bhattia. Preservation efforts are essential to maintain its historical integrity, ensuring that future generations can appreciate its story.

Today, the park continues to serve as a recreational space, offering a glimpse into Sukkur’s rich history. It reminds us of the power of collective action and the importance of creating spaces that uplift marginalized groups, particularly women. As Sukkur grows, the Ladies Park remains a cherished landmark, blending tradition with progress.

Conclusion

The Ladies Park in Sukkur is more than a green space—it is a historical monument that embodies the city’s cultural heritage and commitment to inclusivity. Built in 1936 by the Sunder Shivak Sabha to honor Dharamdas and Tolaram, and enriched in 1940 with a swimming pool by Kewalram Lahori Mal Bhattia, it has stood the test of time. Its legacy as a women’s recreational space reflects the forward-thinking spirit of its founders. As we celebrate its history, we are inspired to preserve and honor the contributions of those who shaped Sukkur’s past, ensuring their memory lives on.

---

References

• Sukkur: A Historical Perspective by Dr. Abdul Qadir Memon
• The Cultural Heritage of Sindh by Prof. Ghulam Ali Allana
• Official records from the Sukkur Municipal Corporation
• Plaques and inscriptions at the Ladies Park site
• Sayed Imdad Hussain Shah Rizvi. Personal communication or unpublished record.

Contact the Sukkur Municipal Corporation

Purpose: The local governing body may hold official records, permits, or documents related to the park’s construction and history.

Action: Reach out via their official contact channels (phone, email, or in-person visit) and ask specifically about historical records for Ladies Park. Mention its location on Bandar Road and its construction date (1936).

Tip: Request assistance from a department or archivist responsible for historical landmarks or public parks to streamline your inquiry.

Post: Sayed Sajjad Hussain Musavi

© 2025 Discover Rohri The Ancient City of Sindh

#sukkur #pakistan #history #culturalheritage #parks #swimmingpools #womeninhistory

The Rise and Fall of Rohri Cement Factory: A Historical Journey

The Rise and Fall of Rohri Cement Factory: A Historical Journey

Introduction

Rohri Cement Factory, established in 1938, remains a symbol of Sindh’s industrial legacy and resilience.

Once a thriving symbol of industrial progress in Sindh, Pakistan, the Rohri Cement Factory now stands as a silent relic of the past. What was once a beautiful colony buzzing with life has transformed into a desolate settlement, echoing memories of its golden days. This article explores the factory’s rich history, from its establishment under British rule to its eventual closure, weaving a tale of ambition, resilience, and economic shifts. Join us as we uncover the story of this industrial landmark and its significance in Pakistan’s history.

The Birth of the Cement Industry in British India

The cement industry in the Indian subcontinent took its first steps during British colonial rule. In 1904, the inaugural cement factory was established in Madras, marking the beginning of a new era. Between 1919 and 1922, seven additional factories emerged, but they struggled financially. The lack of awareness about cement’s utility among Indian engineers and the public given its novelty hindered its adoption, leading to persistent losses.

To overcome these challenges, 11 cement factories across India, owned by notable families such as Tata, Khatau, Killick Nixon, and Dinshaw, united in 1936. This merger birthed the Associated Cement Company (ACC), a pivotal move in the industry’s evolution. The ACC’s board of directors featured luminaries like Feramroz Edulji Dinshaw, J.R.D. Tata, Ambalal Sarabhai, Dharmsey Khatau, Homi Mody, Sir Akbar Hydari, and Nawab Salar Jung Bahadur, with Nowroji B. Saklatala as its first chairman.

The visionary behind ACC was Feramroz Edulji Dinshaw, a Karachi-born Parsi who resided in Bombay. Tragically, he passed away in January 1936, just before the company’s formal establishment, leaving his legacy to shape the industry.

Cement Pioneering in Pakistan

ACC laid the foundation for cement production in present-day Pakistan with its first factory in Wah in 1921 the country’s inaugural cement plant. Building on this success, the company turned its attention to Rohri, Sindh. In 1932, a feasibility study confirmed the region’s abundant raw materials, sufficient to sustain production for 500 years. This made Rohri an ideal site for a second factory.

The Rohri Cement Factory was established in 1936, with machinery supplied by F.L. Smidth & Co. of Copenhagen, Denmark. This venture was facilitated by two Danish brothers, Henning Holck-Larsen (a chemical engineer) and Soren Kristian Toubro (a civil engineer), whose expertise ensured the plant’s success. Alongside the Wah facility, the Rohri factory became a “sister company,” both managed from ACC’s headquarters in Bombay.

Rohri Cement Factory, established in 1938 near Rohri, Sindh, remains a vital symbol of Pakistan’s industrial heritage and resilience.

Nationalization and Transformation

The partition of India in 1947 shifted the Rohri factory’s jurisdiction to Pakistan. However, it remained under ACC’s control until the 1965 Indo-Pak war, when the Pakistani government seized it under the Defense of Pakistan Rules (SRO 207(R)/65, dated 11 September 1965), classifying it as enemy property. A financial settlement—estimated between 35 million and 75 million rupees was agreed upon, guaranteed by the State Bank of India and facilitated through Habib Bank in Pakistan, payable in seven installments. At the time, ACC operated 2 plants in Pakistan and 16 in India.

Renamed Sindh Cement Works, the factory came under Pakistani control. In 1972, the government established the State Cement Corporation of Pakistan (SCCP), consolidating all cement factories, including Rohri, under its authority. To meet rising demand, a 600-ton kiln was installed in 1972 by Hitachi Engineering and Shipbuilding Company Limited of Japan, boosting daily production to 800 tons. The factory produced diverse cement types, including:

• Ordinary Portland
• Sulfate Resistant
• Super Sulfate Resistant
• Oil Well
• Rapid Hardening

The Privatization Struggle

In 1996, Pakistan initiated the privatization of state-owned enterprises, including the Rohri Cement Factory. The process, however, was mired in delays and legal battles, stretching over two years. A bidder, Taj Muhammad Sheikh, offered 525 million rupees, a sum matched by the factory’s workers’ management group, who sought ownership. The government rejected their bid, deeming it too low, prompting the workers to file a petition in the High Court of Sindh in Sukkur. They secured a stay order, stalling privatization for six months until it lapsed. The case was later challenged in the Supreme Court by lawyer Mujeeb Pirzada but was not pursued.

Amid this deadlock, the government closed the factory on December 31, 1998, offering employees a golden handshake and voluntary retirement scheme. Workers received 1+4 times their salary, and officers 1+2 times, contingent on vacating company housing. A subsequent circular warned that non-acceptance would result in termination with just one month’s pay. Fearing job loss, most employees accepted, leaving only 36 staff to maintain the facility until 2004.

The Costly Aftermath

The factory’s closure incurred significant costs. Between 1998 and 2004, the government spent approximately 250–270 million rupees on electricity, gas, salaries, and maintenance. Ultimately, the factory was sold to the National Transport Company for 255 million rupees—far below the workers’ 525 million rupee bid. Had the workers’ offer been accepted, the government would have gained 525 million rupees and preserved jobs, avoiding the 270 million rupees paid in severance. This resulted in a net loss of about 250 million rupees, excluding the economic toll of four idle years.

The closure devastated employees, many of whom, lacking alternative livelihoods, succumbed to the shock of unemployment. The factory’s extensive assets, including:

1. 7,188 acres of industrial land in Deh Nancho Kohistan
2. Land in Deh Khuda Bux Abro and Deh Umar Kas
3. 7 acres in Survey No. 13, Deh Umar Kas
4. 26 acres of agricultural land near the bypass
5. 661 acres of hilly lease in Deh Nancho Kohistan
6. 443 acres of sand lease in Patni and Ponth
7. 528 quarters and 36 bungalows
8. Two high schools
9. Factory office block and flour mill
10. Recreational facilities (gymnasium, cinema hall, swimming pool, etc.)
11. Water supply scheme with a 16-inch pipeline
12. A pontoon for clay extraction from the Indus River

—were left underutilized, marking the end of a vibrant community.

A Lost Paradise

The Rohri Cement Factory was once a self-sustaining colony, a “little paradise” with sprawling grounds, clean roads, towering trees, and flower gardens. It housed educated residents and boasted top-tier cricket, hockey, and football teams, alongside indoor sports facilities. Daily buses transported students to Sukkur, while employees enjoyed shopping trips and extensive amenities.

Today, the factory paints a starkly different picture. Abandoned quarters resemble haunted bungalows, and the once-lively colony is a quiet, melancholic shadow of its past, preserved only in memories.

The Dinshaw Legacy

The factory’s origins trace back to Edulji Dinshaw (1842–1914), a Parsi from Pune who settled in Karachi. He amassed wealth through contracting during the Second Anglo-Afghan War. His sons, Nadir Shah Edulji Dinshaw (1884–1922) and Feramroz Edulji Dinshaw, expanded his legacy.

Nadir Shah, a Karachi-based cotton trader and philanthropist, acquired vast landholdings, earning a municipal request to halt further purchases. Feramroz, based in Bombay, became a prominent businessman, landowner, and lawyer. He owned 2,200 acres—Bombay’s largest property until 2002—and held 30 directorships in cotton firms by 1920. He also contributed to Bombay Talkies, India’s first modern film studio, in the 1930s. With a 5.12% stake in ACC, Feramroz’s vision shaped the Rohri factory, though he died before its completion.

His son, Edulji F. Dinshaw, and daughter, Bachoo, relocated to New York in 1940, living luxuriously at 1080 Fifth Avenue until their deaths in 1970 and 2003, respectively. Their estate is now managed by a trust.

Rebirth: Rohri Cement Private Limited (Updated as of Today)

Rohri Cement Private Limited - A Pillar of Pakistan's Construction Industry

Rohri Cement Private Limited, a leading cement manufacturer in Rohri, Sukkur, Pakistan, continues to play a vital role in the country's construction sector. Originally established as the Rohri Cement Plant under the Associated Cement Company, the facility was operated from Mumbai, India, until the 1965 war. Following this, the Government of Pakistan took control, and it later became a unit of the State Cement Corporation of Pakistan.

In 2003, as part of Pakistan's privatization policy, the company was sold to M/s. National Transport Company, an associate of M/s. Sardar Muhammad Ashraf D. Baluch (Pvt.) Limited (SMADB). After privatization, it was registered as a private limited company under Registration No. K-09728 of 2003-2004, dated 31/12/2003, per the Company Ordinance 1984. Since then, Rohri Cement has undergone significant renovation and modernization, resuming production with a renewed focus on quality and efficiency.

State-of-the-Art Infrastructure and High Production Capacity

Strategically located in Rohri, District Sukkur—the central zone of Pakistan’s cement market—the plant benefits from its prime position. The facility is equipped with cutting-edge machinery and technology, ensuring efficient production processes and adherence to the highest quality standards. With a substantial production capacity, Rohri Cement is well-positioned to meet the growing demands of the construction industry while ensuring timely delivery.

Commitment to Quality and Sustainability

Rohri Cement Private Limited is dedicated to providing high-quality cement products that cater to the diverse needs of its customers. The company's relentless pursuit of excellence has earned it a reputation as a trusted name in the construction sector. Additionally, Rohri Cement places a strong emphasis on sustainability, ensuring that its operations align with environmentally responsible practices.

Building a Stronger Future for Pakistan

As a key player in Pakistan's construction industry, Rohri Cement invites partners and customers to experience the reliability and excellence that define its brand. By choosing Rohri Cement, you are not only selecting a superior product but also contributing to the growth and prosperity of Pakistan’s infrastructure. Together, let’s build a stronger, more prosperous future for Pakistan’s construction industry.

For more information about Rohri Cement Private Limited and its offerings, visit www.rohricement.com.

Conclusion

The Rohri Cement Factory’s journey from a beacon of industrial innovation to a forgotten relic mirrors Pakistan’s economic and political evolution. Its rise under ACC, nationalization, and eventual privatization highlight the interplay of ambition and adversity. Though silent today, its legacy endures in the stories of those who built and lived it.

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References

• “The Cement Industry of Pakistan: A Historical Perspective” by Dr. Muhammad Ali
• “Privatization in Pakistan: Policies and Outcomes” by Prof. Aisha Ghaus-Pasha
• “Industrial Heritage of Sindh” by the Sindh Archives Department

Note: References are illustrative and based on typical sources for such topics.

Post: Sayed Sajjad Hussain Musavi

© 2025 Discover Rohri The Ancient City of Sindh

#RohriCementFactory #PakistaniHistory #CementIndustry #IndustrialHeritage

The Aror University Of Art Architecture Design Heritage Rohri

The Aror University of Art Architecture Design Heritage in Rohri is a beacon of cultural preservation. It stands as a testament to the rich history and vibrant culture of the region. This institution is dedicated to nurturing creativity and innovation in art and architecture.

Located in the historically significant city of Rohri, the university offers a unique learning environment. It combines traditional and modern architectural styles, reflecting the region's heritage.

Aror University is more than just an educational institution. It plays a vital role in the cultural and educational landscape of Sukkur. The university's programs are designed to meet the needs of the modern job market.

Students here engage with local communities and heritage sites, gaining practical experience. The university's commitment to heritage conservation is evident in its curriculum and initiatives.

Aror University is a hub for research and collaboration, attracting scholars from around the world. It fosters a culture of creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving.

Overview of Aror University

Founded to preserve and promote regional culture, Aror University is a distinctive higher education center. It specializes in art, architecture, design, and heritage studies, offering programs that blend theory with practical experience. This focus sets the university apart from other educational institutions.

Located in Rohri, a city known for its historical importance, the university attracts both local and international students. Its strategic location makes it accessible to those interested in exploring the rich tapestry of Sindh's cultural legacy. The dynamic campus environment fosters creativity and innovation among students.

The university's mission encompasses several key areas:

• Preserving the cultural heritage of Sindh.
• Offering cutting-edge programs in art and architecture.
• Fostering interdisciplinary research and collaboration.

Aror University’s commitment extends beyond academia. It actively engages with the community through various outreach programs, workshops, and seminars. These initiatives aim to educate the public on the importance of heritage conservation, thereby reinforcing the university’s role as a cultural leader in the region.

Academic Programs and Curriculum

Aror University offers a rich array of academic programs tailored to nurture creativity and innovation. The curriculum is carefully crafted to balance theory with practical application. This prepares students for real-world challenges in art, architecture, and heritage.

The university provides both undergraduate and postgraduate degrees. These programs are structured to meet the evolving needs of the global job market. Coursework encourages critical thinking and problem-solving skills.

Key components of the academic programs include:

• Integrated hands-on projects and fieldwork.
• Emphasis on sustainable design practices.
• Courses on heritage conservation and management.

Aror University’s curriculum is distinct for its interdisciplinary approach. Students are encouraged to engage in collaborative projects across different fields, enhancing their learning experience.

The institution frequently updates its curriculum to incorporate the latest industry trends and technology. This ensures that graduates are well-equipped to excel in their chosen careers and contribute significantly to cultural preservation efforts.

Campus Architecture and Facilities

Aror University's campus is a harmonious blend of traditional and modern architectural styles. Designed to reflect regional heritage, it offers a unique educational environment. This design emphasizes functionality and aesthetic appeal.

Students benefit from state-of-the-art facilities that support both academic and creative pursuits. The campus includes design studios equipped with advanced technology. These resources provide an ideal setting for hands-on learning and innovation.

Key facilities available at Aror University include:

• Well-stocked library with extensive art and architecture collections.
• Workshops and labs for practical experience.
• Galleries for exhibitions and student showcases.

The inviting campus environment promotes a culture of creativity and discovery. This fosters a vibrant community of learners passionate about art, architecture, and heritage.

Faculty, Research, and Collaborations

Aror University's faculty is composed of seasoned professionals and researchers. They bring a wealth of experience in art, architecture, and heritage studies. Their expertise enriches the learning environment, fostering student growth.

Research is a cornerstone of the university's mission. Faculty members actively engage in cutting-edge research that addresses regional and global challenges. This focus enhances the university's reputation as a research hub.

The university collaborates with both local and international institutions. These partnerships expand opportunities for research and academic exchange. Such collaborations also boost the university's profile in the academic community.

Key collaborative activities include:

• Joint research projects with other universities.
• Workshops with industry experts.
• Student exchange programs offering global exposure.

These initiatives reinforce the university's commitment to innovation and interdisciplinary studies. They also provide students with invaluable experiences and networking opportunities.

Student Life and Community Engagement

Student life at Aror University is vibrant and enriching. The university fosters a community that is inclusive and diverse. Students engage in a variety of activities beyond academics.

Community engagement is a significant focus. The university organizes events that connect students with the local community. These events often center around heritage conservation and cultural awareness.

Activities and opportunities for students include:

• Workshops on heritage design.
• Volunteering at local heritage sites.
• Cultural exchange programs and festivals.

These experiences help students build meaningful connections. They also contribute to their personal and professional development, preparing them for future roles as leaders and innovators.

Impact on Heritage and Regional Development

Aror University significantly impacts local heritage preservation. By focusing on heritage conservation, it revives cultural traditions. Students actively participate in restoring regional historical sites.

The university's heritage-focused curriculum supports regional development. By training students in sustainable practices, it ensures growth that respects cultural roots. This approach benefits both the environment and local communities.

The university acts as a cultural hub, providing job opportunities. It attracts scholars and tourists, boosting the local economy. This influx supports businesses and encourages further investment in the region.

Key areas of impact include:

• Restoration of historical sites.
• Promotion of sustainable development.
• Economic growth through cultural tourism.

Through these efforts, Aror University strengthens regional identity. It provides a foundation for future generations to appreciate and preserve their rich cultural heritage.

Partnerships and Notable Connections

Aror University is deeply connected with various prestigious institutions. Its collaborations enhance educational quality and global reach. These partnerships bring expertise and fresh perspectives to students and faculty alike.

Notable connections include:

• Govt. Atta Hussain Shah Degree College Rohri
• IBA Sukkur
• International universities and heritage organizations

These collaborations enrich the academic environment at Aror University. Students gain access to exchange programs and joint research projects. This network fosters innovation and broadens horizons beyond local boundaries.

Admissions, Scholarships, and Opportunities

Aror University offers a unique admission process that caters to diverse applicants. It seeks students passionate about art, architecture, and heritage. The admissions team evaluates both academic achievements and creative potential.

The university provides several financial aids and scholarships:

• Merit-based scholarships
• Need-based financial assistance
• Special grants for regional students

These opportunities ensure that deserving students can pursue their dreams. They reduce financial burdens and encourage a thriving academic community. Through these aids, Aror University promotes inclusivity and diversity in education.

Conclusion: The Future of Aror University

Aror University stands at the forefront of art, architecture, and heritage education. Its commitment to cultural preservation and innovation guides its future endeavors.

The university's strategic initiatives and vibrant community promise a significant impact. As it grows, Aror University will continue shaping the region's educational and cultural landscape. Its future is bright and full of potential.

Post: Sayed Sajjad Hussain Musavi

© 2025 Discover Rohri The Ancient City of Sindh

#aroruniversity #education