Lansdowne Bridge Rohri: A Historical Marvel of Engineering

The Ayub Bridge Over the Indus River: A Historical and Engineering Marvel from British Era to Modern Pakistan

The Ayub Bridge, stretching across the mighty Indus River between Sukkur and Rohri in Sindh, Pakistan, stands as a testament to engineering ingenuity and historical transformation. Completed in 1962, this steel arch bridge was constructed during Pakistan's formative years under President Ayub Khan, complementing its older neighbor, the Lansdowne Bridge, built by the British in 1889. Together, these structures narrate a compelling tale of colonial ambition, post-independence progress, and enduring connectivity. This article explores the Ayub Bridge's rich history, its engineering brilliance, and its pivotal role in Pakistan’s development, while situating it alongside the Lansdowne Bridge and the broader context of the transition from British rule to independence.

The British Era: The Lansdowne Bridge (1889)

The Lansdowne Bridge (1889), a cantilever masterpiece connecting Sukkur and Rohri over the mighty Indus River.

Before the Ayub Bridge graced the Indus, the British colonial government tackled the challenge of spanning this vital river with the Lansdowne Bridge a feat that revolutionized regional connectivity.

Construction and Engineering

• Timeline: Work began in 1887, with completion marked by its opening on March 25, 1889.
• Naming: Named in honor of Lord Lansdowne, Viceroy of India from 1888 to 1894.
• Design: A cantilever bridge, featuring a main span of approximately 820 feet (250 meters), designed by British engineer Sir Alexander Meadows Rendel. Its two towering steel trusses were a marvel of 19th-century engineering.
• Materials: Constructed using premium steel imported from Britain, assembled with meticulous precision to endure the Indus’s seasonal floods.
• Challenges: The river’s shifting currents and silty bed demanded innovative caisson-based foundations. Harsh working conditions and logistical complexities further tested the builders’ resolve.

Significance

• Trade and Connectivity: By linking railway lines between Sukkur and Rohri, the bridge replaced erratic ferry services, streamlining the transport of goods like cotton and grains.
• Military Role: It bolstered British strategic control, enabling swift troop deployments to the northwestern frontier.
• Economic Impact: Sukkur and Rohri flourished as commercial hubs, owing to improved market access and resource distribution.

Hailed as a colonial engineering triumph, the Lansdowne Bridge served admirably but eventually strained under modern demands, paving the way for its successor.

Transition to Independence: 1947 and Beyond

The 1947 partition birthed Pakistan, reshaping the region’s dynamics. With Sukkur and Rohri falling within Pakistani territory, the Lansdowne Bridge retained its utility amid a new national context.

Post-Partition Role

• Refugee Movement: During partition’s upheaval, the bridge aided the mass migration of refugees and the reallocation of resources across borders.
• Continuity: As inherited infrastructure, it remained a lifeline in Pakistan’s nascent transport network. Yet, its aging design soon underscored the need for a modern alternative.

Post-Independence: The Ayub Bridge (1962)

The Ayub Bridge (1962), a steel arch masterpiece, complements the historic Lansdowne Bridge across the Indus River.

By the late 1950s, Pakistan’s burgeoning population and economy necessitated advanced infrastructure. The Ayub Bridge emerged as a bold response, symbolizing the nation’s drive toward progress under President Ayub Khan.

Lansdowne Bridge Under Construction, 1888

Lansdowne Bridge Rohri under construction 1888

Construction and Engineering

• Timeline: Construction commenced in 1960 and concluded with its inauguration on May 6, 1962.
• Naming: Named after Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan, who led Pakistan from 1958 to 1969.
• Design: A steel arch bridge with a span of 806 feet (246 meters), designed by American engineer David B. Steinman and built by British firm Dorman Long and Company alongside Pakistan Railways. It featured a single railway track and pedestrian pathways.
• Innovations: Its coiled wire rope suspenders were groundbreaking, earning it the distinction of the world’s third-longest railway arch span upon completion.
• Challenges: Engineers grappled with the Indus’s depth and currents, while funding and international collaboration tested project management. Nonetheless, it was delivered on schedule.

Significance

• Modernization: The bridge showcased Pakistan’s post-independence engineering prowess and commitment to development.
• Enhanced Connectivity: Positioned beside the Lansdowne Bridge, it dedicated itself to rail traffic, while the older bridge shifted to road use, doubling regional capacity.
• Economic Growth: It fueled trade and industrial expansion in Sindh, benefiting agriculture, markets, and local industries.
• Strategic Value: During the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakistani wars, it ensured rapid military logistics.

Celebrated at its opening by Ayub Khan, the bridge became an emblem of Pakistan’s sovereignty and forward-looking spirit.

Comparing the Bridges

Aspect	Lansdowne Bridge (1889)	Ayub Bridge (1962)
Design	Cantilever, steel trusses	Steel arch, wire rope suspenders
Span	~820 feet (250 meters)	~806 feet (246 meters)
Purpose	Initially railway, later road	Railway with pedestrian access
Era	British colonial	Post-independence Pakistan
Capacity	Limited by 19th-century standards	Built for modern traffic demands
Current Status	Repurposed for road traffic	In use for railway traffic

While both bridges were revolutionary, the Ayub Bridge met the needs of a modernizing nation, building on the Lansdowne’s legacy.

Cultural and Historical Impact

• Landmarks: The twin bridges are cherished icons in Sukkur and Rohri, blending colonial heritage with national pride in local art and lore.
• Community: They’ve knitted communities together, enhancing social and economic ties across the river.
• Legacy: The Lansdowne reflects colonial engineering, while the Ayub Bridge heralds Pakistan’s resilience and ambition.

Challenges and Controversies

• Lansdowne Bridge: Its construction triumphed over nature’s obstacles, though at a human cost under grueling labor conditions.
• Ayub Bridge: While largely free of major documented disputes, typical infrastructure challenges like funding or environmental concerns may have arisen.

Current Status and Preservation

Both bridges thrive today:

• Ayub Bridge: Actively supports railway traffic, maintained by Pakistan Railways with regular upkeep.
• Lansdowne Bridge: Now a road bridge, it’s valued as a heritage site, often highlighted in tourism efforts.

Preservation initiatives safeguard their historical and functional roles, ensuring their legacy endures.

Significance of the Lansdowne Bridge

The Lansdowne Bridge has left an indelible mark on the region’s history, economy, and culture.

Economic Contributions

• Trade Boost: It streamlined the transport of goods like cotton and grains.
• Railway Network: Strengthened connectivity between northwestern Pakistan and Karachi’s ports.
• Growth: Turned Sukkur and Rohri into thriving commercial centers.

Cultural and Historical Value

• Colonial Heritage: Reflects British architectural and engineering ambitions.
• Local Pride: A cherished landmark in Sindh, symbolizing progress.
• Historical Role: Supported refugee movement during the 1947 partition.

Today, it attracts tourists and historians who admire its blend of functionality and beauty.

Preservation and Legacy

Now over 130 years old, the Lansdowne Bridge remains in use, a testament to its durable design and ongoing care by Pakistan Railways.

Preservation Efforts

• Inspections: Regular checks ensure structural safety.
• Repairs: Steel reinforcements and anti-corrosion coatings maintain its condition.
• Heritage Status: Recognized as a national treasure, it’s preserved for future generations.

Current Use

While the nearby Ayub Bridge handles most modern rail traffic, the Lansdowne Bridge still serves as a secondary crossing and pedestrian path, preserving its legacy as both a functional and historical monument.

Visiting the Lansdowne Bridge

The Lansdowne Bridge (left) and Ayub Bridge (right) stand as enduring symbols of engineering and history over the Indus River in Rohri, Pakistan.

Planning a trip to Rohri? The Lansdowne Bridge is a highlight not to be missed.

• Location: Near Rohri city center, easily reachable from Sukkur.
• Best Time: Visit at sunrise or sunset for stunning views.
• What to Do: Walk the pedestrian path, photograph the steel structure, and enjoy the Indus River scenery.

Nearby attractions include the Sukkur Barrage and Sadhu Bela Temple, adding depth to your visit.

Conclusion

The Ayub Bridge, alongside the Lansdowne Bridge, charts a journey from British colonial mastery to Pakistan’s independent ascent. The Lansdowne Bridge (1889) forged early connectivity, serving imperial goals, while the Ayub Bridge (1962) propelled a young nation forward, embodying its engineering and aspirations. Spanning the Indus, they remain vital links past and present intertwined shaping Sindh’s history, economy, and identity.

References

• Books:
  • Bridges: The Science and Art of the World’s Most Inspiring Structures by David Blockley
  • The Indus River: History and Culture by Jean Fairley
• Links:
• Pakistan Railways
• UNESCO Heritage

Post: Sayed Sajjad Hussain Musavi

© 2025 Discover Rohri The Ancient City of Sindh

#LansdowneBridge, #Rohri, #PakistanHistory, #EngineeringMarvel, #BritishColonialArchitecture.

Dr. Mirza Muddassir Ali Beg 'Maddad' - Sindhi Poet & Doctor | Biography

Dr. Mirza Muddassir Ali Beg 'Maddad': A Prominent Sindhi Poet and Doctor

Introduction

Dr. Mirza Muddassir Ali Beg 'Maddad' 

In the early 20th century, Sindh emerged as a hub of literary activities, where poets and writers elevated Sindhi culture to new heights. Among them, Dr. Mirza Muddassir Ali Beg 'Maddad' stood out not only as a skilled doctor but also as a distinguished poet in Sindhi, Persian, and Urdu. Born in 1894 in Hyderabad, Sindh, Dr. Muddassir Ali Beg left a lasting legacy through his poetry, novels, and medical services, enriching the Sindhi community.

Biography

Dr. Muddassir Ali Beg, son of Mirza Noor Muhammad Beg, was born in 1894 in Hyderabad, Sindh. He excelled in English, Sindhi, and Persian education, showcasing his linguistic prowess. In 1918, he passed his medical examination in Bombay and, at the insistence of Allama I.I. Qazi (the first Vice-Chancellor of Sindh University), began working as a government employee in Khairpur State. Later, he established a private hospital in Tando Agha's Hyderabad, serving patients until his death in 1930 at the age of 36.

Literary Contributions

Beyond medicine, Dr. Muddassir Ali Beg was a talented poet and writer. His works in Sindhi, Persian, and Urdu were highly regarded in literary circles of his time. He expanded Sindhi literature through poetry and prose, earning a place among notable poets.

Notable Novels

• Chin Jo Shahzadi (Two Volumes)
• Aql Charkh (Two Volumes)
• Anarkali Seif-ul-Mulk
• Qisso Gul Bakawali
• Ayyar Padri

These novels reflect his creative genius and storytelling mastery.

Poetry

Dr. Muddassir Ali Beg refined his poetry with guidance from luminaries like Maulana Din Muhammad 'Wafa'i', Najaf Ali 'Tarik', Muhammad Bakhsh 'Wasif', Syed Ata Hussain Shah Musawi, Abdul Hussain Shah Musawi, Qazi Ali Ahmad 'Ali', Shahmir Khan Baloch, and Ata Muhammad 'Ata'. His poetry, rich with themes of nature, beauty, and spirituality, remains a treasure.

Magazine 'Sirat-e-Mustaqeem'

In 1921, Dr. Muddassir Ali Beg, alongside Syed Ata Hussain Shah Musawi, launched the magazine Sirat-e-Mustaqeem from Rohri. This publication likely served as a platform for literary and intellectual discourse, contributing to Sindh's cultural growth, though detailed records are scarce.

Sample Poetry

Here’s a translated excerpt of his poetry, celebrating the beauty and tranquility of night:

The night shines with light,

Bringing peace to the soul,

See how the garden blooms and sways,

Smiling flowers, a beautiful night,

A radiant veil of light glows,

I say the night is beautiful,

The garden and sea’s charm is captivating,

The night enhances beauty,

Every sight doubles in splendor,

The night amplifies allure,

For lovers, I truly say 'Mudd',

The reflection of beauties, the night is beautiful.

This poem highlights his ability to capture nature’s serenity.

Legacy

Dr. Muddassir Ali Beg 'Mudd' passed away on May 18, 1930, while running his clinic in Tando Agha's Hyderabad, where he was buried. Despite his short life, his contributions to medicine and literature left a profound impact on the Sindhi community.

Conclusion

Dr. Mirza Muddassir Ali Beg 'Mudd' was a multifaceted personality who excelled in medicine and literature. His poetry and novels enriched Sindhi culture, while his medical services exemplified his dedication to his people. Though less known today, his works and memory live on among Sindhi literature enthusiasts and his family.

References: Sindhi literary archives, local historical records (further research recommended).

Post: Sayed Sajjad Hussain Musavi

© 2025 Discover Rohri The Ancient City of Sindh

Dr. Mirza Muddassir Ali Beg, Sindhi poet, Sindhi literature, 20th-century Sindhi writers, Tando Agha's hospital, Sirat-e-Mustaqeem magazine.

#SindhiPoet, #DrMuddassirAliBeg, #SindhiLiterature, #TandoAgha, #20thCenturyWriters

Muharram 2025: Sindh Imposes Section 144 Restrictions for Security

Sindh Government Imposes Section 144 Restrictions During Muharram 2025

Introduction

Muharram, the first month of the Islamic calendar, holds profound significance for Muslims worldwide, particularly for the Shia community, who observe it as a period of mourning to honor the martyrdom of Imam Hussein, the grandson of Prophet Muhammad, at the Battle of Karbala in 680 CE. In Pakistan, especially in Sindh, Muharram is marked by numerous processions, majalis (religious gatherings), and tazia rituals, which draw large crowds. These events, while deeply spiritual, necessitate stringent security measures to ensure public safety and maintain law and order, given the potential for sectarian tensions or disruptions.

Official Muharram 2025 Security Measures by Sindh Government

Announcement of Restrictions

To safeguard peace during Muharram 2025, the Government of Sindh has issued a notification imposing restrictions under Section 144 of the Criminal Procedure Code (Cr.PC). These measures, effective from the 1st to the 10th of Muharram 1447 Hijri (June 26 to July 5, 2025, in the Gregorian calendar), aim to prevent any activities that could incite violence or disrupt public order. The restrictions are part of a broader strategy to facilitate the solemn observances of Muharram while ensuring the safety of all citizens across the province, including major cities like Karachi.

Details of Restrictions

The notification outlines a comprehensive set of prohibitions and regulations to ensure a peaceful Muharram. Below is a detailed breakdown of the measures:

Restriction Details

• Use of Loudspeakers

Unlawful use of loudspeakers is banned, with strict legal consequences under "The Sindh Sound System (Regulation) Act 2015." A specific code of conduct governs loudspeaker use during processions.

• Hate Speech and Provocative Materials

Complete ban on speeches, wall chalking, posters, banners, leaflets, audios, videos, or any materials promoting hatred, violence, or sectarian discord. Sale and circulation of inflammatory content are also prohibited.

• Roof-top Presence

Unauthorized persons on rooftops during events are prohibited to prevent potential security threats.

Unpermitted Gatherings and Processions

Processions, rallies, majalis, jalsa, and tazia require prior permits. Unauthorized gatherings are strictly banned.

Assembly Restrictions

Gatherings of five or more persons are prohibited, except for authorized Muharram events.

Pillion Riding

Banned on the 9th and 10th of Muharram, with exemptions for women, children under 12, senior citizens, differently-abled persons, journalists, law enforcement personnel, and essential service employees.

• Carrying Arms

Carrying arms and ammunition is prohibited, except for law enforcement and security personnel on duty. All existing weapon permits are suspended during this period.

Use of Drones and Heli-Cams

Unauthorized use of drones and heli-cams is banned, particularly around religious gatherings and processions.

• Sermons and Speeches

Religious scholars may deliver sermons only after obtaining prior approval from authorities.

Additional Security Measures

Beyond the prohibitions, the Sindh government has implemented enhanced security protocols:

• Surveillance and Monitoring: Intensified surveillance along procession routes, with monitoring of hotels, markets, and rooftops. Individuals on the Fourth Schedule (suspected of terrorism-related activities) are closely watched.
• Security for Religious Sites: Sensitive imambargahs and mosques receive comprehensive security, including heavy deployment of police and Rangers, signal jammers, and drone surveillance on key routes.
• Emergency Preparedness: Hospitals are on high alert, with ambulances and fire brigades on standby to respond to any incidents.
• Peace Committees: Activated at district and local levels to promote inter-sect harmony, with community leaders encouraged to support these efforts.
• Media Restrictions: Only designated officials are permitted to interact with the media regarding security matters to ensure accurate communication.

Enforcement

Station House Officers (S.H.Os) of concerned police stations are authorized to register complaints under Section 188 of the Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) against violators of Section 144 Cr.PC. Law enforcement agencies, including police and Rangers, are on high alert to enforce these measures. The government has also mandated that a detailed district-wise report on registered cases be submitted to the Home Department by the 15th of Muharram.

Significance of Muharram in Pakistan

Muharram is one of the four sacred months in Islam, during which warfare is traditionally forbidden. For Shia Muslims, the 10th day, known as Ashura, is a day of mourning commemorating the martyrdom of Imam Hussein and his companions at Karbala. In Pakistan, this period sees large-scale processions and gatherings, particularly in Sindh, where the Shia community is significant. The government typically announces holidays on the 9th and 10th of Muharram to facilitate these observances, with schools, banks, and offices closed. However, the intensity of these events requires robust security to prevent any incidents that could disrupt the solemnity or lead to unrest.

Community Cooperation

The success of these security measures relies heavily on community cooperation. The Sindh government has urged religious and community leaders to work with authorities to maintain peace and promote harmony. Citizens are encouraged to adhere to the restrictions, obtain necessary permits for events, and report any suspicious activities to ensure a safe environment for all during Muharram.

Conclusion

The imposition of Section 144 restrictions during Muharram 2025 reflects the Sindh government’s commitment to ensuring a peaceful and secure environment during this significant religious period. By addressing potential security threats and regulating public activities, the authorities aim to facilitate the solemn observances of Muharram while safeguarding the well-being of all citizens. Community cooperation is vital to the success of these measures, ensuring that Muharram 2025 is observed with the respect and tranquility it deserves.

Muharram 2025, Sindh, Section 144, restrictions, law and order, Pakistan, processions, gatherings, security measures, Imam Hussein, Battle of Karbala, Shia community, public safety, peace, notification, Home Department, pillion riding, loudspeakers, hate speech, drones, surveillance, police, Rangers, peace committees.

For official links and verified reference materials related to the Muharram 2025 restrictions in Sindh, Pakistan, the following resources can be consulted:

- Government of Sindh Official Website: The primary source for official notifications, including the Section 144 restrictions, can be found on the Sindh Home Department's page at [www.sindh.gov.pk](https://www.sindh.gov.pk). Look for the latest notifications under the Home Department section for the Muharram 2025 guidelines.

- Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS): For statistical and official data, the PBS library provides access to government publications and reports. Visit [www.pbs.gov.pk](https://www.pbs.gov.pk) for archived documents and gazette notifications.

- Library of Congress: This offers a vast collection of digitized books and manuscripts, including historical studies on Sindh and Muharram observances. Explore the catalog at [www.loc.gov](https://www.loc.gov) using search terms like "Sindh Muharram" or "Pakistan Islamic history" for relevant titles such as "Karbala Karbala: Kalam" or "Sindh: Itihasa, Samskrti evam Sahitya."

- UrduPoint and HamariWeb: These platforms provide updated Islamic calendar dates and official holiday announcements for Muharram 2025 in Pakistan. Check [www.urdupoint.com](https://www.urdupoint.com) and [www.hamariweb.com](https://www.hamariweb.com) for verified dates of 1st Muharram and Ashura.

For authoritative books, consider the following verified references available through libraries or online archives:

- "Karbala Karbala: Kalam"- A collection of articles on the 10th of Muharram in Sindh, focusing on Imam Hussein’s martyrdom and Sindhi elegiac poetry.

- "Sindh: Itihasa, Samskrti evam Sahitya" by Rashmi Ramani - A detailed history of Sindhi literature and civilization, including religious practices.

- "Ta’rikh-e-Sindh" - Historical accounts of Sindh, covering cultural and religious events like Muharram.

These sources provide official and verified information. For the most current updates, refer to the Sindh government’s official notifications or local news outlets following the Ruet-e-Hilal Committee’s moon sighting announcements.

Post: Sayed Sajjad Hussain Musavi

© 2025 Discover Rohri The Ancient City of Sindh

#Muharram2025 #SindhGovernment #Section144 #LawAndOrder #Pakistan #SecurityMeasures #PeacefulMuharram #ImamHussein #Karbala #ShiaCommunity #PublicSafety

Sukkur-Larkana Dyke Repair Schemes Ignored Despite Indus River Erosion Threat

Sukkur-Larkana Dyke Repair Schemes Ignored Despite Erosion Threat

Introduction

The Sukkur-Larkana dyke’s vulnerability to erosion

The Sukkur-Larkana dyke, spanning an 18-mile stretch along the Indus River, faces significant erosion risks, yet the Sindh government has not approved critical repair schemes proposed by the Northern Dadu Division's irrigation officials for inclusion in the Annual Development Programme (ADP) 2025-26. This article explores the urgent need for these schemes, the consequences of inaction, and the broader implications for flood management in the region.

Vulnerable Points and Proposed Schemes

Irrigation officials from the Northern Dadu Division, Larkana, identified vulnerable points along the Sukkur-Larkana dyke and submitted three schemes to strengthen the embankment:

1. Construction of T-head Spurs and Stone Apron:

   • Location: Sukkur-Larkana Bund (Mile 40/3) and stone apron/pitching at Mile 39/3 to 4/3.
   • Purpose: To protect the dyke from erosion caused by strong river currents.

2. T-head Spur and Stone Studs at Aghani-Akil Loop Bund:

   • Location: Aghani-Akil Loop Bund (Mile 1/6).
   • Details: Includes building a T-head spur and stone studs between the new and existing spurs to reinforce the bund against river pressure.

3. Construction of Landhis and Gauge Pillars:

   • Purpose: Landhis (huts) provide shelter for staff monitoring dykes during flood season, while gauge pillars are essential for accurate water level measurements.
   • Issue: Most existing gauge pillars were damaged or washed away during past floods, and temporary wooden replacements fail under strong currents.

These schemes, costing approximately Rs4038 million, were excluded from the ADP 2025-26, leaving the dyke vulnerable as the flood season approaches. Jamil Ahmed Sangi, superintendent engineer, highlighted the inadequacy of temporary measures, stating, “We prepare temporary gauge pillars out of wood, but they cannot withstand pressure of current during flood and eventually flow away.”

Additional Scheme and JICA Involvement

Another critical scheme for the restoration of the Old/New Abad Bund (Mile 0/0 to 1/3+410) and ring dyke (Mile 2/0), initially budgeted at Rs500 million, was proposed for the ADP 2025-26. Awarded to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), the scheme’s cost escalated to Rs1916 million due to delays in surveys and consultations. JICA officials conducted site visits and studied the river’s behavior, particularly near the Larkana-Khairpur Bridge, a high-risk area. Last year, emergency measures were required to prevent a breach at the Old/New Abad Bund due to strong wave-wash, underscoring the urgency of these repairs.

Historical Context and Past Interventions

The Akil Loop Bund narrowly escaped a breach during the 2010 floods, saved by the construction of a T-head spur, two mole spurs, and nine stone studs, funded 70% by the National Disaster Risk Management Fund (NDRMF) and 30% by the Sindh government. While the NDRMF released its share, the Sindh government has only allocated Rs50 million of its Rs250 million contribution, despite the project’s completion in April 2024. This funding shortfall hampers ongoing maintenance efforts.

A former Chief Engineer, speaking anonymously, noted that dyke maintenance does not adhere to the standards outlined in the Bund Manual, exacerbating vulnerabilities. The Indus River’s shifting course, observed since 1990 at the Aghani-Akil Loop Bund near Shaikh village, has created a new curvature, increasing erosion risks. Irrigation officials describe this change as “worrisome,” emphasizing the need for comprehensive studies and proactive measures.

Challenges Faced by Irrigation Officials

Irrigation officials face multiple challenges:

• Staff Shortages: A single staff member now monitors eight miles of dyke, up from two miles, making effective supervision nearly impossible.
• Unpaid Contractor Dues: Outstanding payments to contractors create operational difficulties.
• River Behavior: The Indus River’s changing course requires urgent study to adapt infrastructure to new flow patterns.

Abdullah Jatoi, a veteran official, expressed dissatisfaction with current maintenance practices, while Nadeem Jaffery, sub-engineer, highlighted the shock of the schemes’ exclusion from the ADP. “When you have shortage of staff, the proposed schemes are not included in the ADP, outstanding dues keep piling up, and the river is changing its course, naturally it will add to difficulties for the irrigation department,” officials noted.

Broader Implications

The Sindh government’s inaction risks catastrophic flooding, threatening lives, agriculture, and infrastructure in Larkana and surrounding areas. The region’s vulnerability is compounded by Pakistan’s ranking as the top country affected by extreme weather events in 2022, according to the Climate Risk Index 2025. The suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty by India in April 2025, following a terror attack in Kashmir, further complicates water management, as Pakistan relies on the Indus for 76% of its water supply and 80% of its irrigated farmland.

Recommendations

• Urgent Funding: The Sindh government must prioritize the inclusion of the proposed schemes in the ADP 2025-26 and clear outstanding dues to contractors.
• River Studies: Comprehensive studies on the Indus River’s changing course should be conducted to inform future infrastructure planning.
• Staff Augmentation: Increase staffing levels to ensure effective monitoring of the 86-mile dyke network under the Northern Dadu Division.
• Adherence to Standards: Maintenance practices must align with the Bund Manual to ensure long-term resilience.
• International Collaboration: Leverage JICA and NDRMF support to expedite critical repairs and enhance flood preparedness.

Conclusion

The Sukkur-Larkana dyke’s vulnerability to erosion, compounded by the Sindh government’s failure to approve repair schemes, poses a severe risk as the flood season nears. Urgent action is needed to protect communities, infrastructure, and agriculture in Larkana. By addressing funding, staffing, and maintenance challenges, and collaborating with international partners like JICA, the Sindh government can mitigate the looming threat of flooding and secure the region’s future.

Reference Links and Books

• References:

  • Dawn, “Sukkur-Larkana dyke repair schemes ignored despite erosion threat,” June 22, 2025.
  • Reuters, “India suspends Indus Waters Treaty,” April 28, 2025.
  • Climate Risk Index 2025, DAWN.COM.
  • flood management in Pakistan

• Books:

• Indus Waters Treaty: A Historical Perspective by Brahma Chellaney – Provides context on water management in the Indus Basin.

Recommended Books and Resources on Flood Risk Management and Indus Waters Treaty

Below is a curated list of verified books and resources that provide in-depth insights into flood risk management, hazards, vulnerability, mitigation measures, and the historical perspective of the Indus Waters Treaty. These sources are authoritative, drawn from academic publishers, reputable organizations, or well-documented accounts, ensuring reliability for research and understanding.

Books on Flood Risk Management, Hazards, Vulnerability, and Mitigation Measures

1. "Flood Risk Management: Hazards, Vulnerability and Mitigation Measures"

   • Authors: Jochen Schanze, Evzen Zeman, Jiri Marsalek
   • Publisher: Springer (2006)
   • ISBN: 978-1-4020-4597-4
   • Description: This book provides a comprehensive analysis of integrated flood risk management, addressing hydrometeorological and societal processes. It covers flood hazard modeling, climate change impacts, vulnerability assessment, and mitigation strategies, including both structural (e.g., levees, dams) and non-structural (e.g., flood forecasting, community preparedness) measures. The book emphasizes transboundary cooperation, making it relevant for understanding flood management in complex river basins like the Indus. It includes case studies and scientific investigations on modeling and management, offering practical insights for policymakers and engineers.
   • Relevance: Ideal for understanding the interplay of hazards, vulnerability, and mitigation in flood risk management, with a focus on global and regional perspectives.
   • Availability: Available through SpringerLink or major academic libraries.

2. "At Risk: Natural Hazards, People's Vulnerability and Disasters"

   • Authors: Ben Wisner, Piers Blaikie, Terry Cannon, Ian Davis
   • Publisher: Routledge (2004, 2nd Edition)
   • ISBN: 978-0-415-25216-4
   • Description: This seminal work explores the social dimensions of vulnerability to natural disasters, including floods. It introduces the Pressure and Release (PAR) model to analyze how societal factors (e.g., poverty, urbanization) amplify flood risks. The book discusses mitigation measures like community-based disaster preparedness and policy interventions to reduce vulnerability. It’s particularly useful for understanding how social and economic factors in developing countries, such as those in the Indus Basin, exacerbate flood impacts.
   • Relevance: Provides a framework for assessing vulnerability and designing equitable mitigation strategies, applicable to flood-prone regions like Pakistan and India.
   • Availability: Available on Routledge or through platforms like Amazon and academic libraries.

3. "Handbook of Flood Risk Management and Community Action: An International Perspective"

   • Editors: Divine Kwaku Ahadzie, David Proverbs, Robby Soetanto, Victor Oluwasina Oladokun
   • Publisher: Routledge (2023)
   • ISBN: 978-1-032-32470-8
   • Description: This handbook focuses on community-based approaches to flood risk management, emphasizing resilience and adaptation. It covers technological advancements in flood modeling, mapping, and incident management, with a focus on challenges in developing countries where data scarcity hinders effective flood management. The book discusses nature-based solutions (NbS), such as reconnecting rivers to floodplains, and their social and ecological co-benefits. It also addresses the role of mobile technology in flood warnings and community preparedness.
   • Relevance: Offers practical insights into modern flood management strategies and community resilience, relevant for regions like Indus Kohistan facing frequent flooding.
   • Availability: Available through Routledge or academic databases like DOKUMEN.PUB.

4. "River Mechanics"

   • Author: Pierre Y. Julien
   • Publisher: Cambridge University Press (2018, 2nd Edition)
   • ISBN: 978-1-316-10707-2
   • Description: This book provides a technical foundation for understanding river dynamics and flood processes. It covers hydraulic modeling, sediment transport, and the design of flood control structures like embankments and flood barriers. The book includes case studies on critical flows in semi-alluvial channels, relevant for managing high-discharge events in rivers like the Indus. It’s a key resource for engineers and researchers studying flood hazards and structural mitigation measures.
   • Relevance: Essential for understanding the hydrological and engineering aspects of flood management in large river systems.
   • Availability: Available on Cambridge University Press or through academic libraries.

Books on the Indus Waters Treaty: Historical Perspective

1. "Indus Waters Treaty: Political and Legal Aspects"

   • Author: Niranjan D. Gulhati
   • Publisher: Allied Publishers (1973)
   • ISBN: Not widely listed (out-of-print, available in libraries)
   • Description: Written by Niranjan Gulhati, the chief negotiator for India during the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) negotiations, this book provides a detailed historical account of the treaty’s formation. It covers the geopolitical context, engineering challenges, and negotiations facilitated by the World Bank between India and Pakistan. The book details the allocation of the Indus River system’s waters, with India gaining control over the eastern rivers (Sutlej, Beas, Ravi) and Pakistan over the western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab). It also discusses early disputes and the treaty’s role in preventing water-related conflicts.
   • Relevance: A primary source for understanding the historical and technical foundations of the IWT, though it reflects an Indian perspective.
   • Availability: Available in academic libraries or second-hand through platforms like AbeBooks.

2. "Indus Divided: India, Pakistan and the Indus Waters Treaty"

   • Author: Daniel Haines
   • Publisher: Penguin India (2017)
   • ISBN: 978-0-670-08913-0
   • Description: This book offers a modern historical analysis of the Indus Waters Treaty, focusing on its political and social implications. Haines examines how the treaty shaped India-Pakistan relations and the challenges of managing a shared river basin amidst political tensions. It discusses the treaty’s successes in providing a framework for water-sharing but highlights its limitations, such as the lack of provisions for climate change and the exclusion of co-riparians like China and Afghanistan. The book also addresses Kashmiri perspectives and environmental concerns.
   • Relevance: Provides a balanced historical and political perspective on the IWT, with insights into its relevance for flood management and transboundary cooperation.
   • Availability: Available through Penguin or retailers like Amazon.

3. "The Indus Basin: A History of Water Management and Conflict"

   • Author: Not explicitly listed (reference to broader literature, e.g., works by M.S. Babel, A.N. Laghari)
   • Publisher: Various (e.g., United Nations Environment Programme, 2008; Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2012)
   • Description: While not a single book, this entry refers to key studies like Freshwater Under Threat South Asia (UNEP, 2008) and The Indus Basin in the Framework of Current and Future Water Resources Management (Laghari et al., 2012). These works provide a historical and technical overview of water management in the Indus Basin, focusing on flood risks, climate change, and the IWT’s limitations. They discuss how population growth, urbanization, and climate variability increase flood vulnerability and challenge the treaty’s static framework.
   • Relevance: Essential for understanding the intersection of flood risk management and the IWT, particularly in the context of climate change and basin sustainability.
   • Availability: Available through academic journals or UNEP publications.

Additional Resources and Notes

• Flood Risk Management Frameworks: For a deeper understanding of modern flood risk management, the Integrated Risk Linkages (IRL) Framework (Discover Water, 2025) provides a systematic approach to assessing flood risk by integrating hazard, vulnerability, and resilience. It emphasizes 99 criteria for risk assessment, including exposure, susceptibility, and adaptive capacities, which can be applied to the Indus Basin.
• Indus Waters Treaty Challenges: Recent studies, such as Pitfalls in Transboundary Indus Water Treaty (npj Clean Water, 2019), highlight the treaty’s structural inflexibility in addressing climate change and basin sustainability. These insights are critical for understanding how flood risks in the Indus Basin are exacerbated by changing hydrological patterns.
• Practical Mitigation Measures: The literature recommends a combination of structural measures (e.g., embankments, floodgates) and non-structural measures (e.g., early warning systems, land-use planning) to enhance flood resilience. Nature-based solutions, such as reconnecting rivers to floodplains, are increasingly advocated for their social and ecological benefits.
• Accessing Books: Most books are available through academic platforms (SpringerLink, Routledge, Cambridge University Press) or retailers like Amazon. For out-of-print books like Gulhati’s, check university libraries or second-hand bookstores.
• Further Research: For real-time updates or additional sources, consider searching academic databases like Google Scholar or JSTOR, or check posts on X for recent discussions (though these should be verified for accuracy). If you need assistance accessing specific resources, let me know!

Flood Risk Management: Hazards, Vulnerability and Mitigation Measures by Junaid Ahmad – Offers insights into flood control strategies.

Post: Sayed Sajjad Hussain Musavi

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Sukkur-Larkana dyke, Indus River erosion, flood management, Sindh irrigation schemes, T-head spurs, gauge pillars, JICA funding, NDRMF, Annual Development Programme 2025-26

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Sukkur Barrage: The Foundation Stone Laid on October 24, 1923

Sukkur Barrage: The Foundation Stone Laid on October 24, 1923

Introduction

Sukkur Barrage, Lloyd Barrage, foundation stone 1923

Sir George Ambrose Lloyd

On October 24, 1923, Sir George Ambrose Lloyd, the Governor of Bombay, laid the foundation stone for the Sukkur Barrage, originally named Lloyd Barrage, marking a transformative moment in Sindh’s agricultural history. This iconic structure, later renamed Sukkur Barrage, revolutionized irrigation in Pakistan’s Sindh province, turning arid lands into fertile fields. The foundation stone plaque, proudly displayed at the barrage, stands as a testament to this engineering marvel. This article explores the historical significance of the event, the barrage’s impact, and its enduring legacy, highlighted by recent cultural celebrations.

The Historic Foundation Stone Ceremony

On October 24, 1923, Sir George Ambrose Lloyd laid the foundation stone for the Sukkur Barrage at its current site, 5 km below the Sukkur Gorge. The event, attended by British officials and local dignitaries, marked the start of a project conceived in 1868 by Lieutenant Colonel C.A. Fife to harness the Indus River’s waters. The plaque commemorating this moment, inscribed with details of the ceremony, remains a focal point for visitors at the Lloyd Barrage Museum.

Arnold Albert Musto

Lord Willingdon

The barrage’s construction, approved by the Secretary of State for India in 1923, began on July 1 under Chief Engineer Sir Charlton Harrison and architect Sir Arnold Musto. Completed in 1931 and inaugurated on January 13, 1932, by Viceroy Lord Willingdon, the project cost 20 crore rupees, an investment that paid off through enhanced agricultural yields.

Engineering and Agricultural Impact

The Sukkur Barrage, stretching 4,925 feet with 66 gates, feeds seven canals totaling 9,923 km, irrigating 7.63 million acres 25% of Pakistan’s canal-irrigated land. Key canals include:

• Left Bank: Nara Canal (525 miles, irrigating 2.3 million acres), Rohri Canal (2.6 million acres), Khairpur East, and Khairpur West.
• Right Bank: Dadu Canal, Rice Canal (seasonal), and Northwest Canal (partially irrigating Balochistan).

Before the barrage, Sindh’s agriculture relied on the Indus’s erratic flows, limited groundwater (5.3 MAF), and sparse rainfall (100–200 mm annually). Most water flowed unused into the Arabian Sea, leaving fields dependent on seasonal floods or wells. The barrage’s construction, involving 46 English excavators moving 74 tons of earth per minute and a railway for stone transport from Rohri’s hills, ensured consistent irrigation, boosting crops like cotton, wheat, and sugarcane. Today, it supports 23% of Pakistan’s $13 billion agricultural output.

Challenges and Modernization

The barrage has faced challenges, including gate collapses (e.g., Gate 47 in June 2024) and silt accumulation reducing its flood capacity from 1.5 million to 0.9 million cusecs. Repairs in 1949–1952, 2004–2005 by the Frontier Works Organisation, and ongoing modernization under the World Bank-funded Sindh Barrages Improvement Project (SBIP) have extended its lifespan. The SBIP, launched in 2022, aims to replace all 66 gates by 2025, enhancing resilience against climate-driven floods.

Cultural Significance and Recent Celebrations

The Sukkur Barrage remains a cultural landmark, as seen in its illumination on December 1, 2024, for Sindhi Cultural Day, showcasing traditional patterns. Local reports also suggest a celebration of UAE National Day, reflecting Pakistan-UAE ties, though unverified. The Lloyd Barrage Museum, near Barrage Road, displays the foundation stone plaque alongside construction artifacts, drawing visitors to Sukkur’s heritage.

Conclusion

The laying of the Sukkur Barrage’s foundation stone on October 24, 1923, by Sir George Lloyd marked the dawn of Sindh’s agricultural prosperity. From its engineering triumphs to its role in cultural celebrations, the barrage remains Sindh’s lifeline, irrigating 8 million acres and sustaining communities. As modernization efforts continue, the foundation stone plaque stands as a symbol of resilience and progress, uniting history and modernity.

Reference Links:

• Beautiful Night View of Sukkur Lloyd Barrage: A Spectacle of Celebration.
• Sukkur Barrage Gate Collapse Shocks Officials
• Wikipedia: Sukkur Barrage
• Sudden Collapse of Sukkur Barrage Gate Stuns Officials
• Book: “Building the Empire, Building the Nation” by Daniel Haines, for historical context of British irrigation projects

Post: Sayed Sajjad Hussain Musavi

© 2025 Discover Rohri The Ancient City of Sindh

Sukkur Barrage, Lloyd Barrage, foundation stone 1923, Sir George Lloyd, Sindh irrigation, Indus River, Nara Canal, Rohri Canal, Sindhi Cultural Day, British Raj

#SukkurBarrage #LloydBarrage #FoundationStone1923 #SirGeorgeLloyd #SindhIrrigation #IndusRiver #NaraCanal #RohriCanal #SindhiCulturalDay #BritishRaj

Hyderabad-Sukkar Motorway: Transforming Pakistan’s Connectivity in 2025

Hyderabad-Sukkar Motorway: Transforming Pakistan’s Connectivity in 2025

Introduction

Sukkur Motorway Update

The Hyderabad-Sukkur Motorway (M-6) is a pivotal infrastructure project aimed at strengthening Pakistan’s transportation network. This 306-kilometer, six-lane motorway will connect Hyderabad to Sukkur in Sindh province, completing a critical segment of the Peshawar-Karachi Motorway network. By linking Karachi Port to northern Pakistan, the M-6 is expected to enhance trade, reduce transportation costs, and foster economic growth. With renewed federal commitment and international funding prospects, the project is set to commence in 2025, promising significant benefits despite past delays and political challenges.

Current Developments

On June 15, 2025, Federal Minister for Communications Abdul Aleem Khan announced that construction of the Hyderabad-Sukkar Motorway (HSM) will begin this year. The project has been strategically divided into five segments to ensure efficient construction and management. The Islamic Development Bank (IDB) has expressed willingness to finance three of these segments, with a final loan approval decision expected in September 2025 following its board meeting (Dawn). The federal government aims to complete the entire route, including related infrastructure, within two to three years, aligning with broader efforts to enhance connectivity from Karachi to Sukkur.

The National Highway Authority (NHA), responsible for the project’s execution, is actively coordinating with federal and provincial stakeholders. The minister highlighted the importance of connecting Karachi Port to the national motorway network, noting that without this link, the motorway’s utility for import, export, and business activities would be limited. Additionally, the government is exploring funding for the remaining two segments through other banks or donor agencies, with a high-level committee formed to finalize these arrangements by mid-August 2025 (The Nation).

Historical Context

The M-6 project has faced significant challenges since its inception. Initially approved by the Executive Committee of the National Economic Council (ECNEC) on July 16, 2020, at a cost of Rs165.679 billion, the project’s cost has escalated dramatically due to delays and the depreciation of the Pakistani rupee. The cost trajectory is as follows:

Date              Cost (PKR Billion)      Details

• July 16, 2020    165.679   Original PC-I approved by ECNEC
• May 26, 2021    191.471   First Revised PC-I approved by ECNEC
• July 06, 2022    308.194  Second Revised PC-I approved by ECNEC, without Foreign Exchange                                           Component
• June     2025            364   CDWP approved at rationalized cost based on CSR rates

The cost escalation of 120% to Rs364 billion has been attributed to delays and currency depreciation (The Nation). A previous public-private partnership (PPP) agreement signed in December 2022 with M/s TECMC Private Limited was terminated due to unspecified reasons, further delaying progress. Earlier attempts, including a contract awarded to China State Construction Engineering in 2017, also faced setbacks, with groundwork initially planned for August 2017 but not commencing as scheduled.

Political Dynamics

The M-6 project has been a focal point of political discourse. Sindh Chief Minister Syed Murad Ali Shah has voiced concerns over funding disparities, noting that only 4.34% of the NHA’s budget is allocated to Sindh’s six projects, compared to 38.65% for Punjab’s 33 projects, 17.59% for Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa’s 30 projects, and 23.87% for Balochistan’s 22 projects (Pakistan Today). In a letter to the Prime Minister, Shah urged immediate action to prioritize the M-6, emphasizing its national importance.

In response, Minister Khan acknowledged the Sindh CM’s concerns but limited his accountability to the past year, avoiding commentary on previous governments’ inaction (Dawn). Despite these tensions, both governments are collaborating, with the federal government open to requesting a Rs25 billion contribution from Sindh if needed. A meeting on October 25, 2024, at the CM House in Karachi saw both parties agree to extend the M-6 route from Karachi to Sukkur via Hyderabad, enhancing its scope to better serve port traffic (Business Recorder).

Related Infrastructure Projects

The M-6 is part of a broader infrastructure push in Sindh. A new 150-km Karachi-Hyderabad motorway is under consideration to address the limitations of the existing M-9 motorway, which is insufficient for growing traffic demands. The Sindh High Court has directed the NHA to complete a feasibility study for this new motorway within three months, with collaboration from Pakistani and Chinese consultants, suggesting potential ties to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) (Global Highways).

Additionally, the Karachi Northern Bypass (M-10), currently a two-lane, 57-km motorway, will be upgraded to an eight-lane highway and linked with the M-6 to ensure seamless connectivity from Karachi Port to Sukkur. The NHA is also upgrading the Lyari Expressway to international standards, with Minister Khan describing it as a “gift” to Karachi’s residents upon completion (Dawn).

Economic Impact

The M-6 and related projects are expected to transform Pakistan’s economic landscape. By providing a direct, high-speed route from Karachi Port to the national motorway network, the M-6 will reduce transportation costs and time, facilitating smoother movement of goods. This connectivity is vital for boosting import and export activities, attracting investments, and promoting economic growth in Sindh and beyond. The project’s integration with the Karachi-Hyderabad section and the Northern Bypass will further enhance its impact, creating a robust transport corridor.

Technical Specifications

The Hyderabad-Sukkar Motorway is designed to meet international standards, featuring:

• Length: 306 kilometers
• Lanes: Six lanes (three in each direction)
• Design Speed: 120 km/h
• Infrastructure: 89 bridges, 15 interchanges, 243 underpasses

These specifications ensure safe and efficient travel, accommodating high volumes of commercial and passenger traffic.

Budget and Funding

The NHA’s current fiscal year budget is Rs161 billion, significantly less than its requested Rs600 billion, highlighting financial constraints (Dawn). The M-6’s approved cost of Rs364 billion will be funded through a combination of sources, with the IDB committed to financing Sections IV and V and negotiations advanced for Section III. Sections I and II require innovative financing, with a target to finalize arrangements by mid-August 2025 for a three-year completion timeline. The federal government’s willingness to leverage its own resources and potential contributions from the Sindh government underscores the project’s priority.

The Hyderabad-Sukkar Motorway represents a transformative step for Pakistan’s infrastructure and economic development. Despite past delays and political challenges, the federal government’s commitment, coupled with potential IDB funding and provincial cooperation, offers hope for timely completion. By enhancing connectivity from Karachi Port to northern Pakistan, the M-6 will drive trade, reduce logistics costs, and foster economic growth, positioning Sindh as a key hub in the national transportation network.

Hyderabad-Sukkar Motorway, M-6 motorway Pakistan, Karachi-Sukkar connectivity, infrastructure development, Pakistan trade.

Motorway, Infrastructure, Pakistan, Development, Transportation, CPEC

Post: Sayed Sajjad Hussain Musavi

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The Historic Commissioner’s House in Sukkur: A Colonial Architectural Gem

Introduction

Commissioner’s House, Circuit House

The Commissioner’s House in Sukkur, Pakistan, is a remarkable piece of history that dates back nearly a century. Originally constructed in 1926-27 as Bungalow No. 2 for the Superintendent Engineer of the Lloyd Barrage (now Sukkur Barrage), this colonial-era building has served multiple roles over the decades. From housing Sir Arnold Musto until May 1932 to becoming an inspection bungalow, and finally transforming into the Commissioner’s residence in 1974, its journey reflects Sukkur’s evolution. This article delves into its history, architecture, and why it deserves recognition as a heritage site.

A Glimpse into History

Commissioner’s House, Sukkur

The Commissioner’s House was built during the construction of the Sukkur Barrage, a monumental irrigation project that transformed agriculture in Sindh. Initially, it was the residence of Sir Arnold Musto, the Superintendent Engineer overseeing the barrage’s development, from 1926 to May 1932. After his tenure, the bungalow was repurposed as an inspection bungalow for visiting officials. In 1974, it was designated as the official residence of the Commissioner of Sukkur, a role it continues to fulfill today. This rich history ties the building to both colonial engineering feats and Pakistan’s administrative past.

Architectural Features: A Colonial Masterpiece

Designed in the colonial architectural style, the Commissioner’s House is a two-story structure featuring girder tiers, thick walls, high ceilings, and a robust roof. Its windows on all sides ensure excellent ventilation, making it well-suited to Sukkur’s hot climate. The thick walls provide natural insulation, a design choice that surpasses many modern RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) buildings in efficiency. Surrounded by a garden, the building combines practicality with elegance, showcasing the ingenuity of colonial-era architecture in Pakistan.

Why It Should Be a Heritage Site

The Commissioner’s House is more than just a residence it’s a symbol of Sukkur’s historical and cultural heritage. Its connection to the Sukkur Barrage, its colonial design, and its century-long legacy make it a valuable asset. Declaring it a heritage site would protect it from neglect and promote tourism, allowing visitors to explore its architectural beauty and historical significance. Preserving such landmarks ensures that future generations can connect with Pakistan’s past.

Conclusion

From its origins as a superintendent engineer’s bungalow to its current status as the Commissioner’s House, this building stands as a testament to Sukkur’s history and architectural brilliance. Its colonial design, climate-friendly features, and historical importance make it a gem worth preserving. Granting it heritage status would honor its legacy and highlight Sukkur’s role in Pakistan’s story.

Sukkur, Colonial Architecture, Historical Buildings, Pakistan History, Sukkur Barrage, Heritage Sites

References and Books

1. "Sukkur: Nostalgia of Things Past" by Momin Bullo
   • Description: This book explores the history of Sukkur, including the construction of the Commissioner's House as part of the Lloyd Barrage project. It details its initial use by Sir Arnold Musto, the chief architect of the barrage, and its later role as the Commissioner's residence.
   • Relevance: Offers specific insights into the historical significance of the Commissioner's House in Sukkur.
2. "Pakistani Architecture"
   • Description: A broader examination of architectural styles in Pakistan, including colonial-era buildings. It provides context for the Commissioner's House, noted for its colonial design with features like girder tiers, thick walls, and high ceilings.
   • Relevance: Helps situate the building within Pakistan's architectural history.
3. "Colonial Architecture in Pakistan"
   • Description: This book focuses on colonial architectural heritage in Pakistan, with references to structures in Sindh province, such as the Commissioner's House.
   • Relevance: Provides architectural and historical context for colonial colonial buildings like the Commissioner's House.
4. "A Study of Significant Historic Buildings in Lahore Leading Towards the Formulation of a National Conservation Policy for Pakistan" by Muhammad
   • Description: An academic work focused on Lahore’s historic buildings, but it discusses preservation challenges relevant to colonial-era structures across Pakistan, including those in Sukkur.
   • Relevance: Offers a framework for understanding the heritage value and preservation needs of the Commissioner's House.
5. "Pakistan's Architectural Heritage" by Zeeshan Bukhari
   • Description: An article covering Pakistan’s architectural history, including colonial influences, providing additional context for the Commissioner's House.
   • Relevance: Connects the building to the broader narrative of Pakistan’s architectural legacy.

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Links to Reliable Websites

1. Heritage Foundation of Pakistan
   • Description: A site dedicated to heritage preservation in Pakistan, including information on colonial-era buildings and the Sindh Cultural Heritage (Preservation) Act, which protects sites like the Commissioner's House.
   • Relevance: Provides details on legal protections and preservation efforts.
2. UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Pakistan
   • Description: Lists Pakistan’s World Heritage Sites and tentative candidates, offering context for heritage preservation efforts that could apply to the Commissioner's House.
   • Relevance: Highlights Pakistan’s commitment to preserving its historical sites.
3. Pakistan's Crumbling Architectural Heritage
   • Description: A Reuters article on the state of colonial-era buildings in Karachi, addressing preservation challenges relevant to Sukkur’s Commissioner's House.
   • Relevance: Discusses broader issues of neglect affecting similar structures.
4. List of Cultural Heritage Sites in Karachi
   • Description: A Wikipedia page listing protected heritage sites in Sindh province, providing insight into how the Commissioner's House fits into this category.
   • Relevance: Offers a regional perspective on heritage site classification.
5. Colonial Architecture of Pakistan
   • Description: An article exploring colonial architecture across Pakistan, with examples that parallel the style of the Commissioner's House.
   • Relevance: Enhances understanding of the building’s architectural significance.

Additional Resources

• Project Gutenberg
  • Description: A digital library offering free access to historical texts, potentially including works on colonial architecture or Sindh’s history.
  • Relevance: Useful for finding supplementary historical documents or maps.
• National Heritage and Culture Division, Pakistan
• Description: The official government site for Pakistan’s heritage policies, which may include information on the Commissioner's House.
• Relevance: Provides authoritative updates on preservation status.
• Sukkur Barrage History

Commissioner’s House Sukkur, Sukkur Barrage history, Colonial architecture in Pakistan, Historical buildings in Sukkur, Heritage sites in Pakistan, Sir Arnold Musto, Sukkur tourism

Post: Sayed Sajjad Hussain Musavi

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