The Persian Inscription on Mir Masum Shah's Minaret in Sukkur: A Glimpse into Mughal History

The Persian Inscription on Mir Masum Shah's Minaret in Sukkur: A Glimpse into Mughal History

Introduction

In the heart of Sukkur, Pakistan, stands a remarkable monument from the Mughal era: the minaret of Mir Masum Shah. This towering structure, known locally as Masum Shah jo Minaro, is not only a testament to the architectural prowess of its time but also bears a Persian inscription that offers profound insights into the history and culture of 16th-century Sindh. This article delves into the story behind this minaret, exploring the life of Mir Masum Shah, the construction of the monument, and the significance of the poetic inscription that adorns its entrance, providing a window into the Mughal legacy in the region.

The Life and Legacy of Mir Masum Shah

Mir Muhammad Masum Shah, also known as Syed Nizamuddin Mir Muhammad Masum Shah, was a prominent figure of the 16th century, born on February 7, 1538, in Sukkur-Bhakkar, Sindh. A multifaceted individual, he was a scholar, poet, calligrapher, historian, and soldier. Under his pen name, Nami, he authored the Tarikh-e-Masumi, a significant historical account of Sindh compiled in 1600 AD, which remains a valuable resource for understanding the region’s past Wikipedia: Masum Shah.

His contributions extended beyond academia. As a trusted lieutenant of Mughal Emperor Akbar, Mir Masum led military campaigns, notably annexing Baluchistan into the Mughal Empire around 1595. His service earned him large land grants (jagirs) in Sukkur, and in 1598, he was appointed governor of Sindh and Sibi. In 1606, Emperor Jahangir honored him with the title Amin-ul-Mulk, recognizing his exemplary qualities Heritage EFT Sindh. Mir Masum’s death on April 4, 1606, in Sukkur marked the end of a remarkable life, but his legacy lived on through his son, Mir Buzurg, and the minaret he envisioned.

The Minaret: A Mughal Architectural Marvel

The minaret of Mir Masum Shah is one of the most outstanding monuments in Sukkur, comparable to Mughal structures in Delhi, Ahmadabad, and Daulatabad Sindh Culture Department. Constructed from burnt bricks, it stands approximately 100 feet (30 meters) tall with a base circumference of about 84 feet (26 meters). The structure features 84 steps leading to a dome at the top, accessible via an internal staircase, offering a magnificent view of the surrounding area.

Historical records present some discrepancies regarding the construction timeline. Local accounts suggest the minaret’s construction began in 1593 and was completed in 1607, with Mir Buzurg overseeing its completion after his father’s death in 1606. However, some sources indicate the project started in 1595 and was finished in 1618, possibly due to confusion with the Islamic calendar (1018 AH ≈ 1609 AD) Sindh Culture Department. The 1593–1607 timeline aligns with Mir Masum’s lifetime and is supported by local historian Imdad Hussain Shah, making it the more widely accepted timeframe.

Aspect	Details
Height	Approximately 100 feet (30 meters)
Base Circumference	Approximately 84 feet (26 meters)
Construction Start	1593 or 1595 AD
Construction Completion	1607 AD (some sources suggest 1618, likely a misinterpretation of 1018 AH)
Material	Burnt bricks with lime mortar
Steps to Top	84

The minaret’s conical shape, slightly off the perpendicular, and its dome-topped design suggest it may have served as a watchtower, in addition to its commemorative purpose Heritage EFT Sindh.

The Persian Inscription: A Poetic Tribute

At the entrance of the minaret, an oblong stone slab bears a Persian inscription, written in the Arabic script common to Persian texts of the Mughal era. This inscription, as translated by local historian Imdad Hussain Shah, provides both historical details and a poetic tribute to Mir Masum Shah:

This minaret was built during the time of Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar Badshah Ghazi. Mir Ma’sum, who is like the fourteenth moon in the sky, is famous in the world for his good name. He had this tall minaret built so that it raises its head towards the blue sky and asks the angels from the throne about the date of its construction. It is famous worldwide, overlooking the times. Mir Ma’sum, who is highly respected, his sacrifices are beyond the law. This minaret was built so that people say it is a memorial of the past (or for future generations). Someone in the sky said, it is the leg of the great throne (or it is the support). The composer of this poem is Mir Buzurg son of Mir Ma’sum.

The inscription highlights the minaret’s construction during Akbar’s reign, emphasizing Mir Masum’s esteemed reputation and the monument’s enduring legacy. The poetic imagery, comparing Mir Masum to the “fourteenth moon” and the minaret to a structure reaching the heavens, reflects the Mughal tradition of blending architecture with literary art. The mention of Mir Buzurg as the composer suggests his role in both completing the minaret and immortalizing his father’s vision through poetry.

Legacy and Current Status

Today, Mir Masum Shah’s minaret remains a cherished landmark in Sukkur, symbolizing the city’s Mughal heritage. Located on a hill, it offers panoramic views and attracts tourists and historians alike. Adjacent to the minaret are the graves of Mir Masum, his father Mir Safai, and other family members, housed under open stone canopies adorned with Persian inscriptions and Quranic verses. These canopies feature intricate stalactite designs and decorative tracery, further showcasing Mughal craftsmanship Sindh Culture Department.

The site is managed by the Government of Pakistan, with efforts to preserve its historical integrity. The minaret and its surroundings remain under the stewardship of the Masumi family, though the government oversees its maintenance Heritage EFT Sindh. Visitors can explore the minaret and nearby shrines, such as Faiz Mahal, gaining a deeper appreciation for Sukkur’s role in Mughal history.

Conclusion

The Persian inscription on Mir Masum Shah’s minaret is more than a decorative element; it is a historical and cultural artifact that encapsulates the legacy of a remarkable individual and the grandeur of the Mughal era. Through its poetic verses, we glimpse the reverence for knowledge, the importance of legacy, and the artistic sensibilities that defined 16th-century Sindh. As a enduring symbol of Sukkur’s heritage, the minaret continues to inspire awe and curiosity, inviting us to connect with the past and appreciate the enduring impact of history.

#MirMasumShah #Sukkur #MughalArchitecture #PersianInscription #SindhHistory #PakistanHeritage #HistoricalMonuments

Post: Sayed Sajjad Hussain Musavi

© 2025 Discover Rohri The Ancient City of Sindh

Sukkur Gymkhana: Pakistan’s Oldest Club and Its Rich History

Explore the history of Sukkur Gymkhana, Pakistan’s oldest gymkhana, from its colonial origins to its modern-day significance as a cultural landmark in Sukkur, Sindh.

Introduction

Nestled in Sukkur, Sindh, the Sukkur Gymkhana is a historical gem, likely established in the 1840s, making it one of the oldest gymkhanas in Pakistan. Originally the European Gymkhana, it served British colonial officers and now thrives as a modern social club, blending heritage with contemporary amenities.

Historical Background

In 1838, British forces set up a cantonment in Sukkur, laying the foundation for modern development (History of Sukkur). By 1843, after Sindh’s annexation, the European Gymkhana was built on New Sukkur’s hills, offering sports like cricket and social events for British officers. Its colonial architecture included billiards rooms, a library, and outdoor spaces (Gymkhana).

Early Challenges

A 1845 malaria outbreak forced troop relocations, but the gymkhana remained a hub for civilian officers. In 1857, its ground witnessed an execution during the Indian Rebellion, underscoring its colonial role.

Evolution Over Time

By 1883, Sukkur’s status as district headquarters boosted the gymkhana’s prominence (Sukkur District). Post-1947, it was renamed Sukkur Gymkhana, serving a broader community. A 1962 reconstruction, inaugurated by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, modernized the facility.

Competing Gymkhanas

While Lahore Gymkhana (1878) and Karachi Gymkhana (1886) are well-documented, Sukkur’s earlier origins suggest it may be older, though further research is needed (Lahore Gymkhana, Karachi Gymkhana).

Current Status

Today, the Sukkur Gymkhana offers tennis, squash, billiards, a swimming pool, and a restaurant, managed by Dr. Naveed Patan and the Deputy Commissioner (Sukkur Gymkhana). Membership costs 40,000 rupees for officers and 75,000 for professionals.

Cultural Significance

A blend of colonial and modern architecture, the gymkhana attracts tourists exploring Sukkur’s heritage, near landmarks like the Lansdowne Bridge (Sukkur). It hosts community events, fostering social bonds.

Conclusion

The Sukkur Gymkhana, likely Pakistan’s oldest, embodies Sukkur’s colonial and modern legacy. Visit to experience its history and amenities, and share your thoughts below!

Sources

• Sukkur - Wikipedia
• Gymkhana - Wikipedia
• History of Sukkur - Aror University
• Gymkhanas: Symbol of Privilege in British India
• Sukkur District - Wikiwand
• Sukkur Gymkhana Rooms & Restaurant - Facebook
• Sukkur Gymkhana Rooms & Restaurant - Tripadvisor
• Lahore Gymkhana Club - Wikipedia
• Karachi Gymkhana - Wikipedia
• Hindu Gymkhana, Karachi - Wikipedia

Post: Sayed Sajjad Hussain Musavi

© 2025 Discover Rohri The Ancient City of Sindh

 #SukkurGymkhana #PakistanHistory #SindhTourism #ColonialHeritage #HistoricalLandmarks

Upper Sindh Fish Hatchery: A Pillar of Sustainable Aquaculture in Pakistan

Nestled near Mando Dero in taluka Rohri, the Upper Sindh Fish Hatchery is a 100-acre marvel established under the Sindh Agriculture Development Project. This initiative, launched to bolster aquaculture in Pakistan, began its breeding operations in July 1986, with full infrastructure completion by June 1988. Today, it stands as a vital hub for fish production, supporting local farmers, enhancing food security, and preserving the region’s aquatic biodiversity. This article delves into the hatchery’s operations, its impact, and the iconic species it nurtures, offering insights for aquaculture enthusiasts, eco-tourists, and sustainability advocates.

The Genesis and Growth of the Hatchery

The Upper Sindh Fish Hatchery was conceptualized to address the growing demand for fish in Sindh, a region rich in aquatic resources but challenged by overfishing and environmental pressures. Funded by the Sindh Agriculture Department, the project aimed to provide farmers with affordable, high-quality fish hatchlings to reduce reliance on wild stocks. In its first year, the hatchery produced an impressive three million hatchlings, a number that climbed to 5.8 million by 1995-96, reflecting its rapid success.

The hatchery specializes in breeding commercially valuable species such as Rohu (Labeo rohita), Mori (Cirrhinus mrigala), and Gulfam (Cyprinus carpio), which are sold to farmers at a 2:1 ratio to ensure balanced stocking. These hatchlings are offered at nominal rates, making aquaculture accessible to small-scale farmers. The facility’s strategic location near the Indus River provides access to clean water, essential for maintaining healthy breeding conditions.

Fish Species of the Upper Sindh Region

The hatchery and the surrounding Indus River ecosystem are home to a diverse array of fish species, each with cultural, economic, and ecological significance. Below is a detailed look at the prominent species:

• Rohu (Labeo rohita)
  Local Names: Kurh’hro or Dhamb’bro (ڪُرڙو مڇِي), Rehu (رہو مچھلی)

  

  
  
  Description: A large omnivorous carp found in South Asian rivers, Rohu is a cornerstone of aquaculture due to its fast growth and palatable flesh. It thrives in warm waters and is a staple in Pakistani cuisine.
  Economic Impact: Rohu accounts for a significant portion of the hatchery’s output, supporting both local markets and export potential.
• Mori (Cirrhinus mrigala)
  Local Names: Morakhi or Moree (موری and موری)

  

  
  
  Description: The Mrigal Carp is a ray-finned fish native to northern Pakistan. It is hardy, adaptable, and widely cultivated for its high yield.
  Cultural Significance: Mori is a popular choice for traditional Sindhi dishes, valued for its texture and flavor.
• Palla (Tenualosa ilisha)
  Local Names: Pallu Machhi (Sindhi), Pallah Macchi (Urdu)
  

  Description: A herring species known as hilsa or ilish, Palla is celebrated for its rich, oily flesh. It migrates from marine to freshwater environments, making it a prized catch in the Indus River.
  Culinary Role: Palla is a cultural icon in Sindh, often prepared as a delicacy during festivals.
• Mali (Wallago attu)
  Local Names: Mali Macchi (Sindhi مالی and Urdu مالعی)

  
  

  
  
  Description: This freshwater catfish, also known as the helicopter catfish, is native to South and Southeast Asia. Its large size and predatory nature make it a unique species in the region.
  Market Value: Mali is sought after in local markets, though its cultivation is less common due to its specific habitat needs.

The Indus River Dolphin: A Symbol of Biodiversity

The Upper Sindh region is also home to the Indus River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica minor), locally called Bhulan in Sindhi and Urdu. This endangered cetacean, one of only four river dolphin species globally, is a testament to the region’s ecological richness. With an estimated population of fewer than 2,000, the Indus Dolphin faces threats from habitat degradation and water pollution. The Upper Sindh Fish Hatchery indirectly supports dolphin conservation by promoting sustainable aquaculture, which reduces pressure on wild fish populations—a key food source for the dolphin.

Conservation efforts, led by organizations like the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Pakistan, include habitat restoration and community awareness programs. Visitors to the region can engage with these initiatives to learn about the dolphin’s plight and the importance of preserving the Indus ecosystem.

The Hatchery’s Broader Impact

The Upper Sindh Fish Hatchery is more than a breeding facility; it’s a catalyst for economic and environmental progress. Its key contributions include:

• Economic Empowerment: By supplying affordable hatchlings, the hatchery enables farmers to establish or expand fish farms, creating jobs and boosting rural economies.
• Food Security: Increased fish production supports local markets, providing a reliable source of protein for communities.
• Sustainability: The hatchery’s controlled breeding reduces overfishing in the Indus River, preserving wild stocks and supporting biodiversity.
• Research and Innovation: The facility serves as a hub for studying fish breeding techniques, water quality management, and sustainable aquaculture practices.

Challenges and Future Prospects

Despite its successes, the hatchery faces challenges such as funding constraints, climate change impacts on water availability, and the need for modernized equipment. Addressing these issues could further enhance its output and reach. Future plans may include expanding the range of species bred, introducing advanced hatchery technologies, and strengthening ties with international aquaculture networks.

How to Engage with the Upper Sindh Fish Hatchery

• For Farmers: Contact the Sindh Agriculture Department to access hatchlings and technical support for fish farming.
• For Eco-Tourists: Visit Mando Dero to explore the hatchery and nearby Indus River sites, including dolphin-watching tours organized by local conservation groups.
• For Researchers: Collaborate with the Sindh Agriculture Development Project to study aquaculture trends and their environmental impact.
• For Advocates: Support WWF Pakistan’s Indus Dolphin conservation programs through donations or volunteer work.

Conclusion

The Upper Sindh Fish Hatchery is a shining example of how aquaculture can drive economic growth, food security, and environmental stewardship. By nurturing species like Rohu, Mori, Palla, and Mali, and supporting the conservation of the Indus River Dolphin, the hatchery plays a pivotal role in Sindh’s sustainable development. Whether you’re a farmer seeking affordable hatchlings, a traveler eager to explore Sindh’s biodiversity, or a sustainability enthusiast, the Upper Sindh Fish Hatchery offers a wealth of opportunities to engage and inspire.

Conclusion

The Upper Sindh Fish Hatchery is a shining example of how aquaculture can drive economic growth, food security, and environmental stewardship. By nurturing species like Rohu, Mori, Palla, and Mali, and supporting the conservation of the Indus River Dolphin, the hatchery plays a pivotal role in Sindh’s sustainable development. Whether you’re a farmer seeking affordable hatchlings, a traveler eager to explore Sindh’s biodiversity, or a sustainability enthusiast, the Upper Sindh Fish Hatchery offers a wealth of opportunities to engage and inspire.

Tags: Upper Sindh Fish Hatchery Aquaculture Pakistan Rohu Fish Mori Fish Palla Fish Mali Fish Indus River Dolphin Sustainable Aquaculture Sindh Fisheries Fish Farming

Hashtags: #UpperSindhHatchery #AquaculturePakistan #IndusDolphin #SustainableFishing #SindhAgriculture #FishFarming

Source References:
Sindh Agriculture Development Project Reports (1986-1996)
WWF Pakistan, “Indus River Dolphin Conservation”
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), “Aquaculture in Pakistan”
Local Fisheries Data, Sindh Agriculture Department

Post: Sayed Sajjad Hussain Musavi

© 2025 Discover Rohri The Ancient City of Sindh

Sukkur Announces Public Holiday for Annual Urs of Hazrat Fakir Qadir Bakhsh Bidl Rohrdai on May 14, 2025

Sukkur Announces Public Holiday for Annual Urs of Hazrat Fakir Qadir Bux Bedil Bekas Rohri on May 14, 2025

Introduction

The Deputy Commissioner of Sukkur has announced a public holiday on Wednesday, May 14, 2025, to commemorate the annual Urs of Hazrat Fakir Qadir Bux Bedil Bekus Rohri, a revered Sufi saint and poet. This holiday allows residents and visitors to fully participate in the three-day celebration at the saint’s shrine in Rohri, Sindh, a cornerstone of the region’s spiritual and cultural heritage. The Urs, expected to occur from May 12 to 14, 2025, draws thousands to honor Bedil’s legacy through prayers, poetry, and communal gatherings.

Biography of Hazrat Fakir Qadir Bakhsh Bedil Bekas Rohri

Born in 1814 in Rohri, Sindh, Hazrat Fakir Qadir Bux Bedil Rohri, also known as Qadir Bux Bedil, was originally named Mian Abdul Qadir Qureshi. He adopted the name Bedil, meaning “one bereft of heart,” out of reverence for Abdul Qadir Jilani. Raised in a pious family, his father, Khalifa Muhammad Mohsin, was a disciple of Sayed Mir Janullah Shah Rizvi, a prominent saint. Bedil lived a simple life, adhering strictly to Shariah law and giving generously to the needy. Despite a physical deformity in one foot, he traveled extensively to pay homage at shrines, including those of Lal Shahbaz Qalandar in Sehwan and Sachal Sarmast in Daraza.

Bedil’s spiritual journey was shaped by the Sufi doctrine of progressing from Ishq-e-Majazi (platonic love) to Ishq-e-Haqiqi (spiritual love). His devotion to Sufism and his literary contributions made him a towering figure in Sindhi culture, revered by both Muslims and Hindus. He passed away on January 15, 1873, leaving a profound legacy that continues to inspire.

Literary Contributions

Recognized as Sindh’s most voluminous poet, Bedil authored 23 books of prose and poetry in Persian, Sindhi, Saraiki, Arabic, and Urdu. His notable works include:

• Wahdat Namo (Book of Union): A profound exploration of Sufi mysticism.
• Surood Namo (Book of Melody): A collection of mystical poetry.
• Masanavi Riyaz-ul-faqr: A poetic work on spiritual poverty and devotion.
• Punj Gunj: A compilation of spiritual insights.
• Diwan-e-Bedil: Collections in Sindhi and Persian.

Scholar Nabi Bux Khan Baloch hailed Bedil as the last Sufi saint to write extensively on Tasawuf (mysticism) and Sindh’s history. Bedil was the first to document the history of Jhok Sharif and the martyrdom of Sufi Shah Inayat Shaheed. His elegy for Sachal Sarmast, with verses like “Wonderful was the magic of love in Daraza, my friend Sachu was there, the intoxicated seeker and the Gnostic,” remains a literary masterpiece. The Bedel Memorial Committee has published 29 research books and 19 journals on his works, underscoring his enduring influence.

Significance of the Urs

In Sufi tradition, the Urs, meaning “wedding,” celebrates a saint’s spiritual union with the divine upon their passing. The Urs of Hazrat Fakir Qadir Bakhsh Bidl Rohrdai, held annually on the 14th, 15th, and 16th of Dhu al-Qi’dah, attracts thousands to his shrine in Rohri, also known as the Bedil-Bekas shrine, as it houses the tomb of his son, Muhammad Mohsin Bekas. The event blends spirituality and culture, featuring:

• Mehfil-e-Samaa: Sufi music and devotional performances.
• Mehfil-e-Mushaira: Poetry recitals by national poets.
• Adabi Conference: Literary discussions on Bedil’s works.
• Langar: Free meals symbolizing communal harmony.

These activities, supported by local residents and officials, foster unity and reflection, reinforcing Sindh’s Sufi heritage.

Details of the 2025 Urs

The 2025 Urs or Melo (death anniversary celebration) is expected to take place from May 12 to 14, aligning with the 14th to 16th of Dhu al-Qi’dah, based on the Islamic lunar calendar. Dhu al-Qi’dah is projected to begin on April 29 or 30, 2025, though exact dates depend on moon sightings. The public holiday on May 14, declared by Sukkur’s Deputy Commissioner, facilitates participation in the final day’s ceremonies, including prayers and Sufi music performances.

Past Urs celebrations, such as the 142nd Urs in 2010, featured significant events like the inauguration by federal ministers and announcements of grants for cultural projects, such as a Rs20 million auditorium and library. Similar arrangements are anticipated for 2025, with enhanced security and logistical support to accommodate large crowds.

Table: Key Details of the 2025 Urs

Aspect	Details
Dates	May 12–14, 2025 (14th–16th Dhu al-Qi’dah, subject to moon sighting)
Location	Bedil-Bekas Shrine, Rohri, Sindh
Public Holiday	May 14, 2025, in Sukkur district
Activities	Mehfil-e-Samaa, Mehfil-e-Mushaira, Adabi Conference, Langar
Significance	Honors Bedil’s spiritual and literary legacy

Conclusion

The Urs of Hazrat Fakir Qadir Bux Bedil Bekus Rohri is a cherished celebration of Sindh’s Sufi and literary heritage. The public holiday on May 14, 2025, underscores Sukkur’s dedication to this tradition, inviting devotees and visitors to engage in spiritual and cultural activities at the Rohri shrine. Bedil’s teachings of love, unity, and devotion continue to resonate, ensuring his legacy endures for future generations.

Citations

• Qadir Bux Bedil Biography - Wikipedia
• Islamic Calendar 2025 - Islamic Relief UK
• Rs20m for Bedil Bekus Auditorium and Library - Express Tribune
• Demise of Faqir Qadir Bakhsh Bedel - Daily Notable

Post : Sayed Sajjad Hussain Musavi

© 2025 Discover Rohri The Ancient City of Sindh

Exploring the Rich History of Kot Diji Fort: A Comprehensive Guide

Kot Diji Fort

Exploring the Rich History of Kot Diji Fort: A Comprehensive Guide

Introduction

Nestled in the heart of Sindh, Pakistan, Kot Diji Fort, also known as Fort Ahmadabad, stands as a testament to the region’s rich historical and cultural heritage. Perched atop a 110-foot limestone hill in Khairpur District, this 18th-century fortress was built by Mir Sohrab Khan Talpur between 1785 and 1795. Beyond its military significance, the fort sits above a pre-Harappan archaeological site dating back to 2500–2800 BCE, linking it to the ancient Indus Valley Civilization. This article explores the fort’s history, architecture, archaeological importance, and practical tips for visitors.

Historical Background

The Talpur Dynasty and Mir Sohrab Khan

The Talpur dynasty ruled Sindh from 1783 until the British conquest in 1843, and Kot Diji Fort is a hallmark of their legacy. Founded by Mir Sohrab Khan Talpur, the dynasty sought to consolidate power in Upper Sindh amidst regional conflicts. Mir Sohrab, who reigned from 1783 to 1830, commissioned the fort’s construction in 1785, completing it in 1795 after a decade of meticulous work. The fort, strategically located on a hill at the southern end of the Rohri Hills, was designed to protect the region from invasions, particularly from armies approaching from the east toward the fertile Indus River plains.

The fort’s construction reflects the Talpurs’ military foresight and architectural ambition. It served as a symbol of their authority, housing administrative functions and a small regal residence. Its robust design ensured it could withstand sieges, making it a key stronghold in the Talpur defense network.

Strategic Importance

Kot Diji Fort’s elevated position provided a vantage point for surveillance and defense. The hill’s steep slopes acted as a natural barrier, while the fort’s high walls and limited access points made it nearly impregnable. Historical records suggest the fort was divided into three sections among the Talpurs, indicating its role as a shared administrative and military hub. Its proximity to the Thar Desert and the Indus River further enhanced its strategic value, allowing the Talpurs to monitor trade routes and potential threats.

Architectural Features

Kot Diji Fort is an architectural marvel, blending functionality with aesthetic elegance. Its 30-foot-tall walls encircle the hill’s summit, forming a narrow fortress with a 1.8-kilometer perimeter. The fort’s sole entrance, the “Shahi Darwaza” (Royal Gate), is a large wooden structure embedded with iron spikes to deter elephant attacks—a common warfare tactic in the region during the 18th century.

Inside, the fort features three 50-foot-tall towers, likely used for surveillance or defense. The layout includes inner passages, a water reservoir for self-sufficiency during sieges, munition storage, a prison, a courtroom, and security cells. A small regal residence within the fort suggests it housed royalty or high-ranking officials. The use of limestone and stone rubble in construction highlights the fort’s durability, while its elevated position offers panoramic views of the surrounding landscape, making it a photographer’s delight.

Archaeological Significance

The Kot Diji Culture

Beneath Kot Diji Fort lies a prehistoric mound, part of the Kot Diji archaeological site, which dates to 2500–2800 BCE. This site is a cornerstone of the Kot Diji Culture, an Early Harappan Phase (c. 3300–2800 BCE) of the Indus Valley Civilization. Excavations in the 1950s by F.A. Khan revealed evidence of early urban planning, including a citadel on high ground and a lower town, constructed with unbaked mud-bricks.

Artifacts from the site include pottery with black-painted designs on red slip, terracotta figurines, bronze arrowheads, stone implements, and early forms of the Indus script. These findings indicate that Kot Diji was a significant center during the formative stages of the Indus Valley Civilization, influencing the development of the mature Harappan phase. The site’s pottery, featuring horizontal and wavy lines, evolved into more complex Harappan designs like fish scales and pipal leaf patterns.

Connection to the Indus Valley Civilization

The Kot Diji Culture is considered a precursor to the Harappan civilization, with cultural continuity evident in urban layouts and artifact styles. The site’s proximity to Mohenjo-daro, one of the largest cities of the Indus Civilization, underscores its regional importance. Other related sites, such as Amri, Rehman Dheri, and Kunal, share similar cultural traits, suggesting a network of early urban centers. The presence of standardized weights and possible early script at Kot Diji highlights its role in the civilization’s economic and administrative systems.

Visiting Kot Diji Fort

Getting There

Kot Diji Fort is located 25 kilometers south of Khairpur, Sindh, and approximately 435 kilometers from Karachi, a 6-hour drive. Visitors can reach the fort via private car or public transport from Hyderabad or Sukkur.

Best Time to Visit

The ideal time to visit is between October and March, when cooler temperatures make exploration comfortable. Summers in Sindh can be scorching, so plan accordingly.

What to Bring

• Comfortable Footwear: The fort involves climbing stairs and navigating inclined pathways.
• Water and Sunscreen: The site is exposed, with limited shade.
• Camera: The fort’s scenic views and rugged charm are perfect for photography.

Tips for Visitors

Hiring a local guide can enrich your experience with insights into the fort’s history and archaeological significance. Respect the site’s heritage status by avoiding littering or damaging structures. The fort is a protected site under the Government of Pakistan, though some portions are controlled by local families, so be mindful of restricted areas.

• Tags: Kot Diji Fort, Pakistan history, Sindh tourism, historical forts, Indus Valley Civilization, travel Pakistan
• Categories: Travel, History, Pakistan Tourism, Cultural Heritage

#KotDijiFort #PakistanTravel #SindhHistory #HistoricalForts #TravelPakistan #IndusValleyCivilization #ExploreSindh

Conclusion

Kot Diji Fort is a captivating blend of medieval military architecture and ancient archaeological significance. From the Talpur dynasty’s strategic vision to the Kot Diji Culture’s contributions to the Indus Valley Civilization, the fort tells a story of resilience and cultural richness. Plan your visit to this heritage site and uncover the layers of Pakistan’s past.

Post : Sayed Sajjad Hussain Musavi

© 2025 Discover Rohri The Ancient City of Sindh

Theft at Moa-e-Mubarak Shrine in Rohri: A Desecration of Sacred Heritage

Theft at Moe-e-Mubarak Shrine in Rohri: A Desecration of Sacred Heritage

Published on May 12, 2025

Understanding Moe-e-Mubarak: The Sacred Relic

Black and white photograph from early 20th century.

Close-up of the broken main gate lock at the Moe-e-Mubarak shrine following a recent theft attempt, highlighting the desecration of this sacred site.

The term "Moe-e-Mubarak" translates to "Blessed Hair" or "Holy Hair" in English, referring to a sacred hair from the beard of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). The word "Mubarak," meaning "blessed" or "auspicious" in Arabic, underscores the relic’s spiritual significance. This relic is highly revered in Islam, and shrines housing such relics are considered among the most sacred sites. The Moe-e-Mubarak shrine, also known as War Mubarak, in Rohri, Pakistan, is one such revered site, attracting devotees from across Sindh.

History and Significance of the Moe-e-Mubarak Shrine

The Moe-e-Mubarak shrine in Rohri, Sindh, Pakistan, is a testament to centuries of spiritual and cultural heritage. The shrine houses a hair from the beard of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), brought to Sindh from Istanbul by Makhdoom Abdul Baqi Bakhari in 1545. According to historical accounts, Bakhari, the son-in-law of Sheikh Nizam-u-ddin, a descendant of Hazrat Abu Bakar, received the hair as a dowry gift from his wife’s father, who had acquired it from Constantinople. Initially concealed, the relic’s presence was revealed in a dream to Syed Hyder Shah Haqqani and Makhdoom Abdul Malik, as documented in Zahur Nama by Muhammad Ali Talib (1858).

The shrine was opened for public access in 1545, and during the Kalhora period, Mir Muhammad Kalhoro, the younger brother of Yar Muhammad Kalhoro, constructed an impressive domed structure over it. The relic is preserved in a gold- and jewel-encrusted casket, a gift from Mir Ali Murad Khan Talpur, ruler of Khairpur State. Architecturally, the shrine features a square plan with a heavy green dome on an elevated polygonal drum, adorned with kashi tiles. Adjacent to the shrine is the Jami Mosque War Mubarak, built in 1583 by Fateh Khan, the Mughal Nawab of Bakkhar during Akbar’s reign, also decorated with kashi tiles.

Black and white photograph from early 20th century.

Close-up of the kashi tile facade and green dome of the Moe-e-Mubarak shrine in Rohri, highlighting its intricate design and historical craftsmanship.

The shrine opens after Friday prayers and during the first ten days of Dhu’l-Hijjah, drawing devotees from various parts of Sindh. It is not only a place of worship but also a symbol of the region’s rich spiritual and historical legacy, located near Rohri Railway Station towards Sukkur.

Aspect	Details
Shrine Name	Moe-e-Mubarak/War Mubarak
Location	Rohri, Sindh, near Rohri Railway Station towards Sukkur
Relic	Hair from the Prophet Muhammad’s beard (PBUH)
Public Opening	1545
Key Historical Figure	Makhdoom Abdul Baqi Bakhari, brought relic from Constantinople in 1545
Architectural Features	Square plan, green dome, kashi tile facade
Associated Mosque	Jami Mosque War Mubarak, built in 1583 by Fateh Khan
Visiting Hours	After Friday prayers, first ten days of Dhu’l-Hijjah

The Recent Theft Attempt: A Desecration of Sacred Heritage

In a shocking act of desecration, thieves recently attempted to break into the Moe-e-Mubarak shrine in Rohri. Using an iron rod, they broke the main gate lock and targeted the historical silver door lock, a cherished artifact symbolizing the shrine’s heritage. Despite their efforts to completely break the door, it remained in its original state, preventing access to the inner sanctum where the sacred relic is housed. Remarkably, the thieves could not climb the stairs leading to the relic, leaving the inner sanctum untouched.

The Makhdoom family, the traditional caretakers of the shrine, expressed profound shame and sorrow, noting that such an incident had never occurred in their lifetime. A family member stated, “As you can see, the door is in its original state. They have tried to break it completely. The lock has also been broken. But, miraculously, the thieves were not able to get inside. It is a great shame for our family. This is a big thing for us. This has never happened in our life. Allah has blinded them in such a way that they could not even break the lock and reach the safe place. They could not even climb the stairs. Allah has blinded them. This is the most important area of Rohri.”

  Ubaidullah Qureshi, a respected figure associated with the shrine, expressed profound grief, describing the act as an unprecedented violation of the shrine’s sanctity. He noted the emotional toll on the community, emphasizing that the shrine, located in one of the most important areas of Rohri, had never faced such a tragedy.

Following the incident, Provincial Minister Syed Naser Hussain Shah, Chairman District Council Sukkur Syed Kamil Haider Shah, accompanied by Muhammad Aslam Memon, President of the Pakistan Peoples Party Rohri City, and councilors Suhail Ahmed Soomro and Ibrahim Thaim, visited the site to assess the situation. They expressed deep sorrow and assured the shrine’s administration that a thorough investigation would be conducted to bring the culprits to justice. SSP Sukkur Azhar Mughal took immediate notice and personally oversaw the inquiry, leading to the arrest of a suspect named Abid Mirani, who was found in possession of stolen items from the shrine.

Aftermath of Theft Attempt

Close-up of the broken main gate lock...

Aftermath of Theft Attempt

Aftermath of Theft Attempt

Community Outrage and Calls for Justice

The attempted theft has shaken the faith of devotees and sparked outrage among the local community. The emotional response from the Makhdoom family and Ubaidullah Qureshi underscores the deep connection that locals have with the shrine, viewing it as a symbol of spiritual and cultural identity. The community has rallied together, demanding stringent measures to prevent such incidents in the future. The incident has highlighted the need for enhanced security measures at historical and religious sites across Pakistan. The Moe-e-Mubarak shrine, with its centuries-old legacy, deserves protection to preserve its sanctity and historical value for future generations.

Moving Forward: Restoring Faith and Security

inspecting the Moe-e-Mubarak shrine after a theft attempt, expressing concern and planning next steps

The swift action by the police and the commitment from provincial authorities have provided some reassurance to the community. The arrest of the suspect and the recovery of stolen items are positive developments, but the emotional scars left by this act of desecration will take time to heal. The shrine’s administration has been urged to implement robust security protocols, including surveillance systems and reinforced locks, to safeguard its treasures.

As investigations continue, the people of Rohri and devotees worldwide await justice. The collective efforts of the community, authorities, and shrine administration will be crucial in restoring the sanctity of this revered site, ensuring that the Moe-e-Mubarak shrine remains a beacon of spiritual heritage.

Moe-e-Mubarak War Mubarak Rohri Theft Shrine Desecration Pakistan News Historical Shrine Makhdoom Family

References: Historical information from The Friday Times and "Sukkur: Then and Now" by Muhammad Siddique G. Memon. Incident details based on local reports, statements from the Makhdoom family, Ubaidullah Qureshi, Sayed Sajjad Hussain Shah Musavi, Sayed Abdul Hussain Shah Musavi, Sayed Imdad Hussain Shah Rizvi Kotai, and official updates from SSP Sukkur Azhar Mughal. Additional historical context from Zahur Nama by Muhammad Ali Talib (1858).

Hashtags: #MoeEMubarak #WarMubarak #RohriTheft #ShrineDesecration #PakistanNews #HistoricalHeritage #MakhdoomFamily

Exploring the Sacred Kalka Devi Cave Temple in Pakistan

Panoramic View of Kalka Hills

Published on May 10, 2025

The Historical and Spiritual Significance of Kalka Devi Cave

Ancient Cave Entrance of Kalka Devi Temple

Nestled in the rugged Kalka hills, approximately one mile south of the ancient city of Alore (now Rohri) in Sindh, Pakistan, lies the revered Kalka Devi Cave Temple. This natural cave, steeped in history and spirituality, is a significant pilgrimage site for Hindu devotees and a testament to Pakistan’s rich cultural heritage. Known as the Asthan of Kalka Devi, the temple is dedicated to Goddess Kali, embodying power and divine strength in the Shasthi language, where "Kalka" translates to "power."

The temple is believed to have been a sacred site for centuries, with its origins tied to a devout woman named Kalka who resided in these caves. Her spiritual practices sanctified the area, leading to the hills being named Kalka Hills during the Roe Dynasty. The site became a revered temple dedicated to Goddess Kali, with legends suggesting her appearance during the Hinglaj Yatra, blessing the cave with divine energy.

Rituals and Devotee Practices

The Kalka Devi Cave Temple is a vibrant center of devotion, particularly on the first Monday of every month, when Hindu devotees gather to pay homage to Kalka Devi. This ritual involves offerings, prayers, and the lighting of oil lamps, creating a serene atmosphere. During the Navratri festival, celebrated in spring and autumn, the temple hosts a large fair, attracting thousands who sing hymns in praise of Goddess Durga, an incarnation of Kali.

Architectural and Cultural Charm

The temple’s natural cave setting, with a low ceiling and ash-grey walls, adds to its mystical aura. The main entrance, five to six feet high, leads to a sacred space adorned with sculptures of Kalka Devi. The priest presides over rituals beside the deity’s idol, often depicted with a dagger and a severed head. The temple’s proximity to historical sites like the Bin Qasim Mosque and Sadh Belo Temple makes it a key part of Sindh’s heritage.

Tips for Visiting Kalka Devi Cave Temple

• Best Time to Visit: Plan your visit during Navratri or the first Monday of any month.
• How to Reach: The temple is 23 kilometers from Sukkur, accessible by local transport or private vehicles.
• What to Expect: Be prepared for a low-roofed cave and carry offerings like flowers or incense.
• Respect Local Customs: Both Hindu and Muslim devotees visit, so maintain respect for all practices.

Cultural Harmony: Hindu and Muslim Visitors

Mystical Cave Interior with Offerings

Goddess Kali Idol in Sacred Darkness

Devotees Lighting Lamps During Navratri

Priest Performing Rituals at Dawn

Vibrant Navratri Fair at the Temple

Sunrise Over Kalka Devi Temple

Conclusion

The Kalka Devi Cave Temple is a symbol of Pakistan’s cultural and spiritual diversity. Its historical roots, natural beauty, and vibrant rituals make it a must-visit destination for pilgrims and travelers. Whether you’re a spiritual seeker or a history enthusiast, this sacred site offers a profound journey into Sindh’s heritage.

Tags: Kalka Devi Temple, Hindu Pilgrimage, Sindh Heritage, Goddess Kali, Pakistan Temples, Spiritual Travel

Hashtags: #KalkaDeviCave, #HinduTemplesPakistan, #SindhTravel, #GoddessKaliWorship, #SpiritualPakistan

References

• Attribute quotes to “Pujari of Kalka Devi Cave Temple, Rohri”.
• Audio clip of Pujari explaining the history of Kalka Devi Cave Temple in Sindhi
• Kalka Devi Cave Temple - Rohri
• Kalka Cave Temple - Wikipedia
• Kalka Devi Mandir, Sukkur
• Kalka Devi Temple: The Legacy of Hindu Temples in Pakistan
• Temple reflections — Asthan of Kalka Devi

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