Rohri in 1870-1871: A Glimpse into the Past

Rohri, a city with a rich historical tapestry, is located on the eastern bank of the Indus River in Pakistan's Sindh province. Known as Aror in medieval times, it was a pivotal site in the early spread of Islam in South Asia, captured by Muhammad bin Qasim in 711 CE. By the 19th century, under British colonial rule, Rohri had transformed into a key administrative and commercial center. This article explores Rohri during the years 1870-1871, drawing from A.W. Hughes' Sindh Gazetteer (1874), to provide a snapshot of its vibrant life and times.

Connectivity and Infrastructure

In 1870-1871, Rohri was well-connected by road to nearby towns such as Mirpur, Kandhra, and Sanghar. The city was strategically located on the main royal road from Hyderabad to Multan, which passed through it, facilitating trade and travel. This strategic position made Rohri a vital hub for commerce and administration in the region, connecting southern and northern parts of British India.

Government Buildings and Administration

Rohri boasted several key government buildings that underscored its administrative importance. These included the Mukhtiarkar's court, responsible for local governance and revenue collection, and the Panchayat house, where municipal commissioners held their meetings. The Rohri Municipality was established in 1855, indicating a structured local government. Other notable buildings included a dispensary for medical services, a police station, a spacious and well-built Dak Bungalow for travelers, government schools, a post office, and a dock, all contributing to the city's status as a regional center.

The city's security was maintained by a police force of 31 personnel, comprising 23 foot constables from the rural and district police, along with mounted police on horses and camels. The area known as Cooper Gunj was named after Gilbert Cooper, an enthusiastic Deputy Collector who spearheaded numerous development projects in the Rohri sub-division.

Population Demographics

According to the 1872 census, Rohri had a population of approximately 8,580 residents. Of these, 4,766 were Hindus, predominantly from the Vaanya (Bania) caste, who were engaged in trade, banking, and money lending. The remaining 3,813 were Muslims, belonging to various tribes such as Qazi, Syed, Bhutta, Kori, Patoli, Mahana, Khati, Memon, Sheikh, and Shikari, reflecting the city's diverse social fabric.

Community	Population	Primary Occupations
Hindus (Vaanya/Bania)	4,766	Trade, Banking, Money Lending
Muslims (Various Tribes)	3,813	Various, including Landownership

Economic Activities

Rohri's economy in the late 19th century was diverse and vibrant. The city traded in a variety of goods, including grains, oil, ghee, salt, meat, lime, and fruits. Additionally, Rohri was known for its manufacturing industries. Notably, the city produced Tussar silk cloth, gold and silver jewelry such as bangles, and paper of various qualities. These industries not only catered to local needs but also contributed to trade with other regions via the royal road connecting Hyderabad and Multan.

Prominent Personalities

Among the notable figures in Rohri were the Syeds, who had owned lands in the district for centuries. Prominent Syeds included Noor Hussain Shah, Mir Sadiq Ali Shah (the mediator), Mian Jan Allah Shah, Mian Murad Ali Shah, Mian Qalandar Bakhsh Shah, Mian Hamza Ali Shah, Mian Khair Muhammad Shah, among others. In the Hindu community, Diwan Lal Das and Seth Sabhag Chand were significant personalities, likely involved in trade and commerce.

Conclusion

Rohri in 1870-1871 was a thriving city under British rule, with a well-developed infrastructure, a diverse and economically active population, and a significant role in the region's administrative and commercial landscape. The detailed accounts from A.W. Hughes' Sindh Gazetteer provide a valuable glimpse into the city's historical importance in Sindh.

References

• Hughes, A.W. (1874). A Gazetteer of the Province of Sindh. London: G. Bell and Sons.
• Sayed Imdad Hussain Shah Rizvi. (2025). Personal communication

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The First Departmental Store in Sukkur: A Historical Gem from 1838

Introduction to Sukkur’s Colonial Legacy

Sukkur’s Retail Heritage: The Iconic 1838 Department Store

Sukkur, a vibrant city along the Indus River in Sindh, Pakistan, holds a rich tapestry of history that intertwines ancient civilizations with colonial influences. Among its lesser-known historical treasures is the first departmental store established in November 1838 on Bandar Road by Messrs Forth and Company, a Bombay-based firm led by Parsi agent Mr. Pestonji Framji. This store played a pivotal role during the First Anglo-Afghan War, catering to the needs of British and Indian troops stationed in Sukkur. Let’s delve into this fascinating chapter of Sukkur’s past, exploring its significance and the unique offerings of this pioneering store.

A Store Born of War: The First Anglo-Afghan War Context

The First Anglo-Afghan War (1838–1842) was a critical conflict driven by British fears of Russian influence in Afghanistan. To secure their interests, the British East India Company invaded Afghanistan, reinstating Shah Shuja Durrani as emir. Sukkur, strategically located along the Indus, became a vital transit point for military supplies heading to Afghanistan. The British established a military garrison in Sukkur in 1839, transforming the city into a bustling hub for troops and logistics. It was in this context that Messrs Forth and Company opened their departmental store to support the war effort.

The store, located on Bandar Road—then a jungle-like area—was a lifeline for soldiers. It stocked essential provisions tailored for military travel and the harsh Afghan climate, including alcohol, soda water bottles, condiments, dried pork, and other goods necessary for sustenance and morale.

Who Was Mr. Pestonji Framji?

Mr. Pestonji Framji, the Parsi agent behind the store, was a key figure in Bombay’s mercantile community. Parsis, known for their entrepreneurial spirit, played significant roles in British India’s trade networks. Pestonji’s involvement in Sukkur highlights the diverse cultural influences that shaped colonial commerce. His store not only served practical purposes but also symbolized the intersection of local and colonial economies, bridging Bombay’s commercial prowess with Sukkur’s strategic importance.

The Store’s Operations and Clientele

The departmental store catered to two distinct groups of soldiers. Indian troops, stationed along Bandar Road, were supplied directly from the store. British troops, positioned on a nearby hill, received their provisions in a separate arrangement, reflecting the colonial hierarchy of the time. The store’s inventory was carefully curated to meet the needs of soldiers embarking on arduous journeys to Afghanistan. Items like alcohol and soda water provided refreshment, while dried pork and condiments ensured nutritional variety during long campaigns.

Near the store lay a cemetery, possibly linked to the war’s toll or earlier historical events, adding a somber note to the area’s history. This juxtaposition of commerce and mortality underscores the complex realities of colonial military life in Sukkur.

Historical Significance of the Store

The establishment of Sukkur’s first departmental store marked a turning point in the city’s commercial landscape. It foreshadowed Sukkur’s growth as a trading hub, a role it solidified under British rule with landmarks like the Lansdowne Bridge (1889) and Sukkur Barrage (1932). The store also reflects the broader colonial strategy of leveraging local infrastructure to support imperial ambitions. By facilitating the supply chain for the Anglo-Afghan War, it contributed to the war’s logistics, albeit in a supporting role.

Moreover, the store’s operation by a Parsi agent highlights the multicultural fabric of British India, where communities like the Parsis played integral roles in economic and administrative spheres. This historical episode enriches our understanding of Sukkur’s place in global colonial networks.

Exploring Sukkur’s Heritage Today

While the original store no longer exists, Bandar Road remains a vibrant part of Sukkur, echoing its historical significance. Visitors to Sukkur can explore related colonial landmarks, such as the Lansdowne Bridge and the Sukkur Barrage, or delve into the city’s ancient roots at sites like Lakhan-jo-Daro. The nearby city of Rohri, connected by the Indus, offers additional historical attractions, including the shrine of Mir Masum Shah.

For history enthusiasts, Sukkur’s colonial past offers a window into the interplay of war, commerce, and culture. The story of Messrs Forth and Company’s store is a reminder of the city’s enduring legacy as a gateway to Sindh.

Conclusion

The first departmental store in Sukkur, opened in 1838 by Messrs Forth and Company, is more than a footnote in history it’s a testament to the city’s strategic importance during the First Anglo-Afghan War. From its role in supplying troops to its operation by a Parsi entrepreneur, the store encapsulates the dynamic interplay of colonial ambitions and local agency. As we reflect on Sukkur’s past, let’s celebrate its rich heritage and the stories that continue to shape its identity.

References

• Information sourced from local historical accounts by Imdad Hussain Shah, Rohri.
• First Anglo-Afghan War details: Wikipedia

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The Financial Struggles of Sukkur Municipality Before Pakistan’s Formation

Sukkur, a historic city in Sindh, has a rich past filled with challenges and resilience. Before Pakistan came into existence, the Sukkur Municipality faced significant financial setbacks that tested its administrative strength. From devastating plagues to destructive fires and civil unrest, these events left lasting impacts on the city’s economy and governance. In this article, we dive into three major incidents—the 1897 plague, the 1903 municipal office fire, and the riots of the 1930s—that caused substantial financial losses to the Sukkur Municipality, and how the city bounced back.

1. The 1897 Plague: A Devastating Blow to Sukkur’s Economy

In 1897, Sukkur was hit hard by a deadly plague (locally known as “ta’un”), a widespread epidemic that swept through the Indian subcontinent. The outbreak not only claimed countless lives but also crippled the local economy. Businesses shut down, trade halted, and the Sukkur Municipality saw a sharp decline in revenue. Taxes and other income sources dried up as the city grappled with the health crisis. This financial loss was a major setback for the municipality, which struggled to maintain public services during this turbulent period.

Learn more about Sukkur’s historical challenges in our post on Sukkur’s Historical Timeline.

2. The 1903 Fire: Destruction of Sukkur Municipality’s Office

Another catastrophic event struck on the night of May 13, 1903, at 9:30 PM, when a massive fire engulfed the Sukkur Municipality office. The blaze destroyed the entire building and, tragically, incinerated valuable historical records. These records were critical for administrative and financial operations, and their loss caused significant disruption. The municipality faced not only the cost of rebuilding but also the challenge of reconstructing lost data.

By 1904, the municipality took action and constructed a new office building to restore operations. This rebuilding effort, while necessary, added further financial strain. However, it showcased Sukkur’s determination to recover and move forward.

Interested in Sindh’s historical architecture? Check out our article on Historical Buildings of Sindh.

3. The Riots of 1930 and 1939: Civil Unrest and Financial Damage

The 1930s were a turbulent time for Sukkur, marked by civil unrest in 1930 and 1939. These riots, driven by socio-political tensions, disrupted peace and stability in the city. The unrest led to property damage, reduced economic activity, and a significant drop in municipal revenue. Businesses suffered, and the municipality’s ability to collect taxes and fund public services was severely hampered.

Despite these challenges, the Sukkur Municipality worked to restore order and rebuild trust in the community. The financial losses from these riots were substantial, but they also highlighted the need for stronger governance and community unity.

Discover more about Sindh’s socio-political history in our post on Sindh’s Political Evolution.

Emdad Hussain Shah Rohri: A Notable Figure

While the provided information mentions Emdad Hussain Shah from Rohri, specific details about his role in this context are unclear. Rohri, a neighboring city of Sukkur, has its own historical significance, and figures like Emdad Hussain Shah may have contributed to the region’s recovery or administration during these challenging times. Further research into local records could shed light on his contributions.

Sukkur’s Resilience: Rising Above Challenges

The financial losses faced by the Sukkur Municipality in 1897, 1903, and the 1930s were undoubtedly severe. However, the city’s ability to rebuild after each crisis speaks volumes about its resilience. From battling a deadly plague to reconstructing after a destructive fire and navigating civil unrest, Sukkur’s municipal authorities demonstrated remarkable perseverance. These events shaped the city’s administrative framework and laid the groundwork for its modern governance.

Why This History Matters Today

Understanding the historical struggles of Sukkur Municipality offers valuable lessons for today’s policymakers and citizens. It highlights the importance of preparedness for natural and man-made disasters, the need for robust record-keeping systems, and the value of community resilience. By learning from the past, Sukkur can continue to thrive as a vibrant city in Pakistan.

Want to explore more historical insights? Visit our History Archives for more stories!

Conclusion

The Sukkur Municipality’s financial struggles before Pakistan’s formation were marked by the 1897 plague, the 1903 fire, and the riots of 1930 and 1939. Each event tested the city’s resolve, but Sukkur emerged stronger every time. These stories of loss and recovery are a testament to the city’s enduring spirit. Share your thoughts on Sukkur’s history in the comments below, and don’t forget to subscribe for more historical insights!

Sukkur Municipality, 1897 plague, 1903 fire, 1930s riots, Sukkur history, financial losses, Pakistan history

Published: May 7, 2025