Exploring the Industries in Sukkur: A Key Driver of Local Economy

Sukkur, a historic city nestled on the west bank of the Indus River in Sindh, Pakistan, is renowned for its cultural heritage and vibrant industrial sector. As a hub for both small and large-scale industries, Sukkur plays a pivotal role in the economic development of the region. This article explores the diverse industries thriving in Sukkur, their contributions to the local and national economy, and the opportunities and challenges they face, all while being optimized for search engine traffic and Google AdSense approval.

History of Industrial Development in Sukkur

Sukkur’s industrial journey began in the early 20th century with the construction of the Sukkur Barrage in 1932, which transformed the region into fertile agricultural land. This agricultural prosperity laid the groundwork for agro-based industries such as sugar mills and rice-husking units. The establishment of the Associated Cement Rohri Limited in 1938 marked a significant milestone, introducing large-scale industrial activity to the region. Over the decades, Sukkur has seen growth in various sectors, driven by local entrepreneurship and government support. The Sindh Industrial Trading Estate (SITE), established in 1963, further solidified Sukkur’s status as an industrial hub, despite facing management challenges over time.

Overview of Sukkur’s Economy

Sukkur’s economy is primarily driven by agriculture and industry, bolstered by its strategic location along the Indus River, which facilitates trade and commerce. The Sukkur Barrage, one of the world’s largest irrigation projects, supports extensive agricultural activities, providing raw materials like cotton and sugarcane for local industries. According to [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkur), Sukkur is the third largest city in Sindh, with a population of approximately 1.6 million as of the 2023 census, contributing to a dynamic economic environment.

Major Industries in Sukkur

Sukkur is home to a diverse array of industries that form the backbone of its economy. The following table summarizes the key industrial sectors:

Industry	Description
Cotton Textiles	Processes locally grown cotton into fabrics and garments, contributing to both domestic and export markets.
Cement Manufacturing	Produces high-quality cement for construction, with Rohri Cement Private Limited as a key player.
Sugar Mills	Produces white refined sugar and molasses, with Kiran Sugar Mills leading the sector.
Dairy Processing	Engro Foods’ Olper’s Milk plant processes large quantities of milk for nationwide distribution.
Other Industries	Includes leather, tobacco, pharmaceuticals, agricultural implements, and more.

Small-Scale and Cottage Industries

In addition to large-scale industries, Sukkur supports numerous small-scale and cottage industries that are vital to the local economy. These include hosiery, boat making, fishing accessories, thread ball spooling, trunk making, brass-wares, cutlery, and ceramics. These industries employ a significant portion of the population, particularly in rural areas, and add to the economic diversity of Sukkur. For example, the production of ceramics and brass-wares reflects the region’s rich artisanal heritage, contributing to both local markets and cultural preservation.

Specific Companies and Their Contributions

Several companies in Sukkur stand out for their significant contributions to the economy:

• Rohri Cement Private Limited: Established in 1938 as Associated Cement Rohri Limited, this factory is one of Pakistan’s oldest cement manufacturing units. Located near Rohri, it produces various types of cement, including ordinary Portland and sulphate-resistant, supporting construction projects across the country. The company employs hundreds of workers and supports local businesses through its supply chain.
• Kiran Sugar Mills Limited: Incorporated in 1991, Kiran Sugar Mills, located in Taluka Rohri, produces white refined sugar and molasses. It plays a crucial role in the sugar industry, providing employment and contributing to both local consumption and exports.
• Engro Foods (Olper’s Milk): Engro Foods operates a state-of-the-art dairy processing plant in Sukkur, capable of handling 300,000 liters of raw milk daily. The Olper’s Milk brand is a household name in Pakistan, ensuring a steady supply of dairy products and supporting the local dairy farming community.

Economic Impact

The industries in Sukkur have a profound impact on the local and national economy, as outlined in the following table:

Impact Area	Details
Employment	Provides jobs to thousands, from skilled factory workers to unskilled laborers in supporting roles.
GDP Contribution	Production and export of goods like cement, sugar, and textiles add to Pakistan’s GDP.
Export Potential	Products are exported, bringing in foreign exchange and enhancing economic stability.

While specific economic data for Sukkur is limited, the city’s industries are integral to Sindh’s economic output. For instance, the textile industry, a major sector in Pakistan, contributes 8.5% to the national GDP, and Sukkur’s cotton textile units play a part in this ([Textile Industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Pakistan)). Similarly, the sugar and cement industries support both domestic needs and export markets, strengthening Pakistan’s economy.

Challenges Facing Sukkur’s Industries

Despite their contributions, Sukkur’s industries face several challenges:

• Infrastructure Deficiencies: According to Amir Ghauri, president of the Sukkur Chamber of Commerce and Industry, “Sukkur’s industrial area lacks infrastructure, increasing the cost of doing business” Dawn News. Inadequate roads, electricity, and water supply hinder operational efficiency.
• Limited Value Addition: Sukkur is known for its large market of fresh and dried dates, yet there is little infrastructure for value-added processing. Ghauri notes, “Farm produce shows huge potential for value addition that is yet to be tapped” Dawn News.

Opportunities for Growth

Sukkur’s industrial sector has significant growth potential, as highlighted below:

• New Industrial Enclave: The Sindh Economic Management Company has proposed a new 400-acre industrial enclave in Sukkur, approved under a Public-Private Partnership model. This project aims to provide modern facilities for industries like gem processing, apparel, and halal food processing, potentially attracting new investments SEZMC.
• Agricultural Processing: Developing food processing zones, particularly for dates, could enhance Sukkur’s export potential and create new jobs. The city’s proximity to Khairpur’s Special Economic Zone further supports this opportunity.

Government Initiatives and Support

The government of Pakistan and the Sindh provincial government are actively supporting industrial development in Sukkur. The Special Economic Zones (SEZs) initiative, which includes a nearby SEZ in Khairpur, offers tax incentives and infrastructure support to attract investors. Additionally, the People’s Poverty Reduction Program (PPRP) promotes economic activities in rural areas, indirectly benefiting Sukkur’s industries by increasing local purchasing power ResearchGate. The proposed industrial enclave is a testament to these efforts, aiming to modernize Sukkur’s industrial infrastructure.

Future Prospects

The future of Sukkur’s industries is promising, with several initiatives poised to drive growth:

• Industrial Enclave Development: The new industrial enclave will provide state-of-the-art facilities, attracting both domestic and international investors.
• Value Addition in Agriculture: Establishing food processing units for products like dates could open new markets and boost exports.
• Infrastructure Improvements: Enhanced roads, electricity, and water supply will reduce business costs and make Sukkur more attractive to investors.
• Government Support: Policies promoting industrialization in less-developed regions will encourage more companies to establish operations in Sukkur.

These developments position Sukkur to become a more significant industrial hub in Pakistan, enhancing its economic contributions.

Conclusion

Sukkur’s industries, ranging from cement and sugar to textiles and dairy, are integral to the city’s economic fabric. They provide employment, contribute to Pakistan’s GDP, and hold significant potential for future growth. By addressing challenges like infrastructure deficiencies and capitalizing on opportunities such as value-added agricultural processing and new industrial developments, Sukkur can further strengthen its role as a key economic driver in Sindh and beyond.

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Exploring Sukkur's Transportation Network: Railways, Airport, and Highways

Introduction

Nestled along the banks of the Indus River, Sukkur is a city of historical and economic significance in Pakistan’s Sindh province. Its strategic location has long positioned it as a vital transportation hub, facilitating the movement of people and goods across the region. From its pioneering railway lines to its modest airport and evolving highway network, Sukkur’s transportation infrastructure reflects both its rich past and its aspirations for the future. In this article, we’ll dive into the details of Sukkur’s railway system, airport operations, and highway roads, exploring their history, current state, and importance to the city’s development.

The Railway: A Legacy of Connectivity

Sukkur’s railway system traces its roots back to the mid-19th century, when British colonial efforts sought to enhance connectivity across Sindh. One of the earliest champions of this cause was Hardy Wells, a civil engineer who meticulously surveyed potential railway routes throughout the region. His vision and persistence paved the way for the establishment of the Sindh Railway Company in 1855, chaired by W.P. Andrews. This company took on an ambitious mission: constructing the Sindh railway, extending the Punjab line from Multan to Lahore and Amritsar, and operating a fleet of steamboats between Kotri and Multan to link Punjab with Karachi’s bustling port.

Work on the Sindh section began in 1858, with the Karachi-Kotri line emerging as the first major project. Despite delays and construction challenges, the line opened to traffic on May 11, 1861. Though opinions on its route were initially mixed, its efficiency in transporting goods from the harbor to the river station soon silenced critics, proving its worth as a trade lifeline.

Fast forward to today, Sukkur boasts a robust railway network with seven key stations: Sukkur, Rohri Junction, Pano Akil, Ghotki, Dharki, Shahbunder, and Arain Road. The city is also home to two major junctions Rohri and Sukkur which connect it to the Karachi-Peshawar line and the Sibi line via Habibkot Junction. This extensive rail infrastructure continues to play a pivotal role in Sukkur’s economy, supporting both passenger travel and the transport of goods across Pakistan.

The Airport: Sukkur’s Gateway to the Skies

Sukkur’s aviation history is modest yet significant, centered around its civil airport at Arain Road. The city took its first steps into air travel in 1953, when Crescent Air Transport launched short-haul flights from Karachi to Jacobabad, with stops in Hyderabad, Nawabshah, and Sukkur. This marked the beginning of regular air services in the region, offering a faster alternative to road and rail travel.

In 1955, the newly formed Pakistan International Airlines Corporation (PIA) stepped in, quickly establishing a near-monopoly on domestic air travel. PIA introduced regular flights between Karachi and Sukkur, cementing the city’s place in Pakistan’s aviation network. Today, PIA maintains a daily service from Sukkur to Quetta, ensuring consistent connectivity to other major urban centers. While the airport’s operations are limited compared to larger hubs, it remains an essential link for Sukkur’s residents and businesses, supporting tourism, trade, and personal travel.

Highway Roads: Bridging Sukkur to the Region

Sukkur’s road network is the backbone of its day-to-day connectivity, with several key highways crisscrossing the district. One of the most prominent is the Lahore-Kashmore route via Lakhi, spanning 54.5 miles and linking Sukkur to northern and southern Pakistan. Another significant development is the recently constructed road connecting Sukkur District to Larkana, which has slashed the travel distance between the two from 70 to 50 miles. This shorter route has improved access to markets and services, benefiting both urban and rural communities.

The National Highway (NHA), running diagonally through Sukkur District, further enhances the city’s road connectivity, making it a vital artery for long-distance travel. However, not all is smooth on Sukkur’s roads. A major challenge lies in the lack of secondary roads in remote areas, which hinders connectivity to the main highways and isolates rural populations.

Responsibility for road building and maintenance is split between two entities: the Provincial Highway Department and the District Council. The Provincial Highway Department oversees 218.25 miles of black-top (paved) roads and 82.20 miles of katcha (unpaved) roads. Meanwhile, the District Council manages 22.50 miles of black-top roads, 30.00 miles of brick-level roads, and a staggering 904.80 miles of katcha roads. Together, these bodies maintain a total of 240.75 miles of black-top roads, 30.00 miles of brick-level roads, and 987.00 miles of katcha roads.

Despite these efforts, the overall condition of Sukkur’s roads is far from ideal. Many stretches require urgent repair and reconditioning, particularly in rural areas where unpaved roads dominate. Public demand for better infrastructure is growing, as improved roads could unlock economic potential and enhance quality of life across the district.

Conclusion

Sukkur’s transportation network its railways, airport, and highways tells a story of resilience, adaptation, and ambition. The railway system, born from 19th-century ingenuity, remains a cornerstone of regional trade and travel. The airport, though small, keeps Sukkur connected to Pakistan’s skies, while the highways serve as vital lifelines for its people and economy. Yet, challenges like poor road conditions and limited rural connectivity highlight the need for investment and modernization.

By addressing these gaps, Sukkur can strengthen its role as a transportation hub, driving economic growth and improving access for all its residents. As the city moves forward, its transportation systems will undoubtedly remain central to its identity and progress.

Reference:The information in this article is derived from historical records and current data on Sukkur’s transportation infrastructure, as provided in the user query.

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Dr. Sayed Akbar Hussain Shah Musavi: Biography and Contributions

Dr. Sayed Akbar Hussain Shah Musavi: A Legacy of Service in Medicine and Social Good

Introduction

Dr. Sayed Akbar Hussain Shah Musavi: A Multifaceted Leader from Sukkur

In the historic city of Rohri, located on the east bank of the Indus River in Sukkur district, Sindh, Pakistan, Dr. Sayed Akbar Hussain Shah Musavi has emerged as a beacon of service. Born on July 24, 1947, Dr. Musavi’s life is a testament to dedication, blending his expertise as a medical professional with impactful political and social contributions. Known for his work as a doctor, a brief tenure as a member of the Sindh Provincial Assembly in 1977, and extensive social work during crises like the 1976 floods, he has left an indelible mark on his community. This biography explores his journey.

Early Life and Family Heritage

Dr. Sayed Akbar Hussain Shah Musavi was born into the Musavi Syed family, a lineage with roots tracing back to the 16th century. His family, descended from Amir Shah Bayazid Hussaini , a native of Puran Who come to Sind in A.H 928 (A.D 1521), has a storied history of scholarship and leadership in Sindh. His father, Sayed Jawwad Hussain Shah Musavi, was a retired finance official who dedicated his later years to social upliftment, establishing schools and dispensaries. His brother, Shafquat Hussain Musavi, was a prominent parliamentarian, and his uncles, Syed Atta Hussain Shah Musavi and Syed Abdul Hussain Shah Musavi, founded educational institutions in Rohri and Sukkur, respectively. Growing up in Rohri, a city with a rich history dating back to the Indus Valley Civilization (Rohri), Dr. Musavi was instilled with values of service and education.

Education

Dr. Musavi pursued his medical education at Sind University in Hyderabad, earning his M.B.B.S. degree in 1972. His academic journey equipped him with the skills to address healthcare challenges, particularly in underserved rural areas. His commitment to learning reflected the scholarly tradition of his family, setting the foundation for a career that would blend medicine with public service.

Medical Career

Dr. Musavi’s medical career began with significant roles in prestigious institutions. He served as a house surgeon in the Department of Operative Surgery at Liaquat Medical College, Jamshoro, honing his surgical skills. He then joined the National Institute of Cardio-Vascular Diseases at J.P.M.C., Karachi, working under the renowned cardiovascular surgeon Jatoi during 1973-74. His career progressed with appointments as Resident Medical Officer at Jinnah Hospital, Karachi, and Medical Officer at Civil Hospital, Sukkur. As Chief Medical Officer at the Population Planning Board in Karachi, he contributed to public health initiatives.

In a bold move, Dr. Musavi resigned from government service to volunteer as the first graduate doctor in Kandhra, a rural village in Tehsil Rohri. This decision underscored his commitment to addressing healthcare disparities in underserved areas. He continues to serve the community through his private practice in Rohri, providing accessible medical care to residents.

Political Career

In 1977, Dr. Sayed Akbar Hussain Shah Musavi was elected to the 6th Provincial Assembly of Sindh, representing constituency PS-5 Sukkur, as documented in the Wikipedia page "List of members of the 6th Provincial Assembly of Sindh." Running as a candidate for the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), he secured a resounding victory in the General Election of 1977, garnering 46,432 votes against his opponent, Faqir Karim Dino of the Pakistan National Alliance (PNA), who received 1,294 votes, according to detailed election results from Election Pakistani. Despite the assembly’s brief tenure from March 30 to July 5, 1977, due to martial law, Dr. Musavi made significant contributions. He secured funding for health centers and maternity homes in villages like Dodanko, Vinjhko, Dulharo, and Patni. His efforts also included water supply systems for Old Nara, Khari, and Achhi Kobi, village electrification in Abijano, Bhit Noor Shah, and Kandri, and land revenue remission for flood-affected areas like Kalri and Akberpur. He proposed the "Nara Highway" to enhance regional connectivity, sanctioned the Rohri Filter Plant, shifted the Rohri-Kandhra road to the Highway Department, and supported a fish breeding firm in Mandodero. His unblemished character earned him a place among the few cleared in the government’s initial list post-dissolution, reflecting his integrity.

• Water Supply: Sanctioned for Old Nara, Khari, and Achhi Kobi.
• Village Electrification: Implemented in Abijano, Bhit Noor Shah, and Kandri, among others.
• Land Revenue Remission: Granted to flood-affected areas like Kalri and Akberpur.
• Road and Drainage Projects: Upgraded the Rohri-Kandhra road and initiated the East Khairpur Title Drainage Scheme.

His efforts also included closing the abandoned Umercus regulator to protect Rohri from flood damage and sanctioning a fish breeding firm in Mandodero. Dr. Musavi proposed the “Nara Highway,” a strategic road to connect isolated regions, though its implementation status remains unclear.

Social Work and Community Leadership

Dr. Musavi’s social contributions are perhaps most notable during the 1976 floods in Sindh, a period of significant hardship for the region. He organized relief camps, providing free medical aid, treatment, and shelter to thousands of flood victims across villages like Neh Takar (7,000 people), Bhit Noor Shah (1,600 people), and Dodanko (6,500 people). His collaboration with the Hilal-e-Ahmar Society of Pakistan led to the establishment of model villages and housing schemes in areas such as Ali Wahan, Patni, and Ghazi Abad, offering permanent solutions for displaced families.

Education was another focus of his social work. Dr. Musavi initiated the establishment of the first girls’ school in Kandhra, a significant step toward gender equality in education. He held leadership roles in several organizations, including:

• President, Social Service Society, Rohri
• Director, Community Service, Rotary Club, Sukkur
• President, Anjman Hyderia, Rohri
• Trustee, Imambargah Musavi Shafquat Hussain Trust, Rohri
• President, Education Society, Sukkur

These roles reflect his commitment to community development and social welfare.

Family Legacy

The Musavi family’s contributions extend beyond Dr. Musavi’s efforts. His uncle, Syed Atta Hussain Shah Musavi, founded the "Government Atta Hussain Shah Musavi Degree College" in Rohri in 1964 (Govt. Atta Hussain), a key educational institution in the region. Another uncle, Syed Abdul Hussain Shah Musavi, established the "Abdul Hussain Shah Musavi Oriental College" in Sukkur and was a noted Sindhi literature writer. His father and brother also played significant roles in education and politics, reinforcing the family’s legacy of service.

Conclusion

Dr. Sayed Akbar Hussain Shah Musavi’s life embodies the spirit of service, blending medical expertise, political advocacy, and social good. From providing healthcare in rural Kandhra to championing infrastructure projects in the Sindh Assembly and leading flood relief efforts, his contributions have transformed lives in Rohri and Sukkur. His family’s legacy, rooted in education and literature, continues to inspire. This biography, crafted with original content and optimized for search engines, aims to share his story with a global audience.

References

Personal records provided by the Musavi family.

List of members of the 6th Provincial Assembly of Sindh.

List of floods in Pakistan.

PS 5 Sukkur General Election 1977 Result

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Rohri’s Kundi Buffalo Farm: Breeding Excellence & Sustainable Livestock Practices

Introduction

  

Rohri, a historic city in Sukkur District, Sindh, is synonymous with Pakistan’s livestock legacy. At its heart lies the Livestock Development and Research Farm for Kundhi Buffaloes, established in 1963 to preserve and enhance the prized Kundhi buffalo breed. Despite challenges like climate change and governance gaps, Rohri’s livestock sector remains vital to rural livelihoods and national food security. This article examines Kundi Farm’s role, current initiatives, and strategies for sustainable growth, integrating insights from global agricultural innovations.  

1. Kundi Farm: A Legacy of Buffalo Breeding

Kundhi Buffalo Herd Thriving at Rohri’s Historic Livestock Farm

The Kundhi buffalo, native to Sindh, is renowned for its high milk yield (6–8 liters daily) and adaptability to arid climates. The government established Kundi Farm in Rohri has been instrumental in preserving this breed since 1963. Key highlights include:

- Herd Management: The farm maintains 152 Kundhi buffaloes and 48 sheep, focusing on genetic improvement and disease resistance . 

- Research & Outreach: Training programs for farmers on modern breeding techniques and nutrition.

- Challenges: Limited resources and outdated infrastructure hinder scalability, as seen in recent governance audits .  

2. Climate Resilience and Disease Management

Premium Kundhi Buffalo: Sindh’s Milk Production Powerhouse

Rohri’s arid climate and recurring droughts necessitate adaptive strategies. Lessons from Zimbabwe’s Livestock Recovery and Resilience Plan (2025) offer insights:

- Drought-Tolerant Breeds: Prioritizing breeds like the Kundhi buffalo, which thrive in water-scarce conditions

- Disease Mitigation: Enhanced veterinary services, including decentralized diagnostic labs and vaccination drives against diseases like lumpy skin disease.

- Feed Banks: Establishing household fodder reserves to combat feed shortages during droughts .  

3. Sustainable Innovations: Methane Reduction and Precision Farming

Sustainable Farming at Kundi Farm: Farmers and Buffaloes in Harmony

Global advancements in livestock sustainability could transform Rohri’s practices: 

- Methane Reduction: Trials of feed additives like Rumin8’s bromoform-based product reduced cattle methane emissions by 95% without affecting productivity . Adopting such solutions could align Sindh with global climate goals.

- Precision Breeding: Integrating metabolomics and genomics (as seen in EU pig re-breeding programs) to enhance Kundhi buffalo resilience to heat stress .  

4. Governance and Community Empowerment

Addressing systemic challenges is critical for progress:  

- Anti-Corruption Measures: Post-2023 audits at Kundi Farm highlight the need for transparency in resource allocation .

- Farmer Training: Capacity-building initiatives, such as those promoted by Zimbabwe’s Ministry of Agriculture, could empower Rohri’s farmers with skills in herd management and disease prevention . 

 

- Public-Private Partnerships: Collaborations to fund borehole drilling and modernize infrastructure .  

5. Future Pathways: Export Potential and Agro-Tourism 

- Halal Market Expansion: Pakistan’s livestock sector can tap into the USD 3 trillion global halal market by improving processing standards and certification . 

 

- Agro-Tourism: Showcasing Kundi Farm’s breeding heritage and sustainable practices to attract visitors and investors.  

Conclusion 

Rohri’s Kundi Farm embodies Sindh’s agricultural potential and challenges. By adopting climate-smart breeding, methane-reducing technologies, and robust governance, the region can secure its position as a leader in sustainable livestock production. Collaborative efforts between farmers, researchers, and policymakers will be key to unlocking this future.  

References:  

- Livestock Development and Research Farm for Kundhi Buffaloes

- Rumin8’s Methane Reduction Study 

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The History of Sukkur’s First Airport: From Early Airstrips to Modern Aviation

The History of Sukkur’s First Airport: From Early Airstrips to Modern Aviation

Sukkur, a vibrant city in Pakistan’s Sindh province, is renowned for its historical landmarks and infrastructural achievements. Among these is the story of its first airport a tale of innovation, challenges, and evolution. This article explores the origins of aviation in Sukkur, from its earliest airstrip to the modern Begum Nusrat Bhutto International Airport, while providing context from global and regional aviation history.

Historic Sukkur Airport: From 1930s Airstrip to Modern Aviation Hub

A Glimpse into Early Aviation History

The dawn of aviation transformed the world in the early 20th century. While pinpointing the "first airport" is complex, an airfield near Paris, France, emerged around 1907, followed by the College Park Airport in Maryland, USA, in 1909 often cited as the oldest continually operating airport. In Asia, Bangkok, Thailand, established one of the continent’s earliest airports on March 27, 1914, now known as Don Mueang International Airport. These milestones set the stage for aviation’s global expansion.

In South Asia, under British colonial rule, Karachi led the way. In 1929, an airport was established there, welcoming its first flight from Imperial Airways, which connected London to the subcontinent. This marked a significant moment for the region, including present-day Pakistan.

Sukkur’s Early Aviation Ventures

Sukkur’s aviation history is deeply tied to its development during British rule. The British presence intensified around 1838, coinciding with the global rise of aviation. By the late 19th century, an intriguing event foreshadowed Sukkur’s aerial ambitions. In 1894, near Adam Shah’s hill, a British woman ascended in a hot air balloon and parachuted back to earth. Organized to raise funds for railway workshop workers, this spectacle hinted at the region’s early curiosity about flight, though it wasn’t a precursor to an airport.

The real push for aviation came with the construction of the Sukkur Barrage, a massive irrigation project. On January 13, 1932, Lord Willingdon, the Viceroy of India, inaugurated the barrage, boosting Sukkur’s strategic importance. To support the influx of British officials and engineers, an airstrip was built near the new graveyard in Sukkur. This marked the city’s first foray into air travel, accommodating small aircraft.

Sukkur Airport History: From Pakistan’s First Airstrip to Begum Nusrat Bhutto International

Challenges of the First Airstrip

The initial airstrip, however, faced significant hurdles. The site’s clay-heavy soil proved problematic, especially during rain. In one documented incident, an aircraft landed after a downpour and became mired in the muddy ground. Despite efforts to free it, the plane remained stuck until the soil dried, exposing the location’s flaws. A signal tower with a rotating light was installed on Adam Shah’s hill to aid navigation, but the airstrip’s persistent issues exacerbated by incomplete groundwork from a British contractor led to its closure. The tower remained a local landmark for years, a relic of this early experiment.

While these details stem from local narratives, their specificity suggests some basis in truth, though historical records are scarce. The story reflects Sukkur’s ambition to embrace modern transportation, even if the execution faltered.

The Birth of Modern Sukkur Airport

After Pakistan’s independence in 1947, the need for a functional airport persisted. In the 1960s, the government constructed a new facility 3 or 4 miles from Sukkur, near Arain village. Built on stable, dry land, this airport overcame the previous site’s challenges. With a 9,000-foot runway, it could handle larger aircraft, serving domestic routes and Hajj flights.

On February 26, 2012, the Sukkur airport was renamed Begum Nusrat Bhutto International Airport, honoring the influential Pakistani political figure. In September 2022, the Civil Aviation Authority announced plans to upgrade the facility, including extending the runway, taxiway, apron, and terminal to accommodate bigger planes, signaling its growing role in regional connectivity.

Historical Context: The Sukkur Barrage and Beyond

The Sukkur Barrage was pivotal to the region’s development. Completed in 1932, it revolutionized agriculture in Sindh, drawing attention and investment to Sukkur. This economic boost necessitated improved transportation, including air links. Meanwhile, Adam Shah’s hill carries its own historical weight. It houses the mausoleum of Mian Adam Shah Kalhoro, built in 1768 by Ghulam Shah Kalhoro, and was the site of a fierce battle in 1834 between Shah Shuja’s forces and the Talpur Mirs. These events enrich the backdrop of Sukkur’s aviation story.

Conclusion: A Journey of Resilience

From a balloon ascent in 1894 to a troubled airstrip in the 1930s and a modern international airport today, Sukkur’s aviation history mirrors its resilience and adaptability. The early challenges near Adam Shah’s hill gave way to a facility that now connects Sukkur to the world. As upgrades continue, the Begum Nusrat Bhutto International Airport stands as a testament to the city’s enduring progress.

References

• General Aviation History: Verified from online sources on early airports (e.g., College Park, Don Mueang, Karachi).
• Sukkur’s Aviation Details: Translated and adapted from the Sindhi text "سکر جو پهريون ايئرپورٽ"; some specifics (e.g., the stuck aircraft) are treated as local lore due to limited historical confirmation.
• Sukkur Barrage and Adam Shah’s Hill: Sourced from the Sindhi text and general historical knowledge of Sindh.
• Note: Where primary sources are unavailable, details are presented as part of Sukkur’s narrative tradition rather than definitive fact.
• Sayed Imdad Hussain Shah Rizvi. (2025). Personal communication

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Unraveling the Mystery of the Muhammad Bin Qasim Mosque in Arore: A Journey Through History and Heritage

The Muhammad Bin Qasim Mosque and Raja Dahir: A Historical Crossroads in Sindh

The Muhammad Bin Qasim Mosque in Arore, Sindh, Pakistan, stands as a weathered yet profound symbol of the early Islamic presence in South Asia. Traditionally attributed to Muhammad Bin Qasim, the young Umayyad general who conquered Sindh in 712 CE, the mosque marks a pivotal moment in the region’s history. Central to this narrative is Raja Dahir, the last Hindu ruler of Sindh, whose resistance and eventual defeat shaped the transition from Hindu to Islamic rule. This article delves into the mosque’s history, Raja Dahir’s life and legacy, the architectural remnants of the mosque, and the debates surrounding its origins, drawing from authoritative sources like the Chachnamah to provide a comprehensive account.

Muhammad Bin Qasim Mosque

Raja Dahir: The Last Hindu Ruler of Sindh

Raja Dahir (663–712 CE) was a Brahmin ruler of the Chach dynasty, which governed Sindh for nearly a century. Born into a family rooted in Hindu traditions, Dahir succeeded his father, Chach of Aror, who had ascended the throne in 631 CE by marrying Queen Suhandi, the widow of Raja Sahasi. According to Wikipedia: Dahir of Aror, Chach’s strategic marriage established the dynasty, which Dahir inherited in 671 CE. His rule was marked by efforts to maintain Sindh’s sovereignty, successfully defending against several invasions. However, his reign faced a critical challenge when pirates operating near Debal, a major Sindhi port, attacked Arab ships carrying traders and pilgrims from Sri Lanka (then Serendib).

Events Leading to Conflict

The Umayyad Caliphate, under the governorship of Hajjaj bin Yusuf in Iraq, was incensed by the pirate attack, which resulted in the capture of men, women, and children. As detailed in History of Islam: The Conquest of Sindh, Hajjaj demanded that Raja Dahir release the captives and punish the pirates. Dahir’s refusal, possibly due to limited control over the coastal pirates or a strategic stance, escalated tensions. An initial expedition led by Ubaidullah bin Binhan was defeated by Dahir’s forces, prompting Hajjaj to send a larger army of 7,000 cavalrymen under his nephew, Muhammad Bin Qasim, as noted in Wikipedia: Muhammad ibn al-Qasim.

The Battle of Aror and Dahir’s Defeat

In 711–712 CE, Muhammad Bin Qasim launched a campaign that culminated in the Battle of Aror, where Raja Dahir was defeated and killed. The Chachnamah (The Chachnama: An Ancient History of Sindh) describes Dahir’s valiant defense, noting that he fought three battles successfully before being betrayed by Buddhist factions who resented his rule. His death marked the end of the Chach dynasty, and his head was sent to Hajjaj in Basra as a trophy, symbolizing the Umayyad victory. This conquest established the Islamic province of Sindh, initiating Muslim rule in South Asia.

The Muhammad Bin Qasim Mosque: A Historical Landmark

The Muhammad Bin Qasim Mosque, located in Arore opposite the Government Elementary Campus School, is traditionally linked to Muhammad Bin Qasim’s conquest. According to Nabataea: Muhammad Bin Qasim Mosque, it was built in 712 CE after Muhammad Bin Qasim defeated Raja Dahir’s son, Fofi, who had fortified himself in Arore. The mosque, constructed atop a hill, served as a religious and administrative center, with historical texts like Fateh Namah Dinsh noting Muhammad Bin Qasim delivering Friday sermons there.

Architectural details of Muhammad Bin Qasim Mosque ruins

Architectural Features

Today, the mosque is in ruins, with only two walls remaining, covering 45 by 78 feet (3,510 sq ft). As described in Pakimag: Muhammad Bin Qasim Masjid, it was built with burnt bricks (9” x 9” x 1.5”) bonded with mud mortar, chiroli, and lime. Key features include:

• Two entrances with pointed arches, locally termed Tudor arches, flanked by rectangular panels.
• A single window with intricate brick latticework (jali) on the western wall.
• Ventilators mirroring the arch design.
• A modern cemented prayer area, indicating continued use.

Limestone blocks and cultural artifacts found nearby suggest earlier structures, as noted in Pakimag, calling for further archaeological exploration.

Significance and Controversy

The mosque is celebrated as one of South Asia’s earliest Islamic structures, symbolizing the region’s transition to Muslim rule. A 2019 X post by @voaurdu (VOA Urdu: Muhammad Bin Qasim Mosque) highlights its cultural resonance. Its proximity to sites like the Kalka Cave Temple, as mentioned in Muhammad Bin Qasim Mosque, underscores Sindh’s diverse heritage. However, the mosque’s 8th-century attribution is debated. A 962 CE earthquake, which altered the Indus River’s course, likely destroyed Arore’s original structures, as discussed in Nabataea. Architect Marvi Mazhar suggests the current ruins may date to the 14th–15th century, based on architectural comparisons.

Raja Dahir’s Historical Context

Raja Dahir’s role is equally complex. Some narratives, like those in ICRAA: Muhammad Bin Qasim, suggest the conquest was motivated by political expediency, such as pursuing rebels loyal to Sayyidina Hussain who sought refuge in Sindh. The Chachnamah and other sources, like The Legacy of Muhammad Bin Qasim, emphasize the pirate incident as the primary trigger. These debates highlight the need for careful historical interpretation, balancing traditional accounts with modern analysis.

Preservation Needs

With 95% of the mosque destroyed, as noted in Pakimag, preservation is urgent. DeviantArt: Muhammad Bin Qasim Mosque and Ali Usman Baig’s Blog advocate for government funding to restore the site, enhancing its appeal for heritage tourism. Excavations could clarify the mosque’s origins and uncover artifacts linked to Raja Dahir’s era.

Conclusion

The Muhammad Bin Qasim Mosque and Raja Dahir represent a transformative period in Sindh’s history. The mosque, whether built in 712 CE or later, symbolizes the arrival of Islam, while Raja Dahir’s resistance reflects the region’s pre-Islamic heritage. Their intertwined stories, enriched by texts like Mohammad bin Qasim: Conqueror of Sindh by Naseem Hijazi (Amazon), highlight Sindh’s role as the “Gateway of Islam” to South Asia. Preservation and research can ensure these legacies endure, offering insights into a pivotal historical crossroads.

Post: Sayed Sajjad Hussain Musavi

© 2025 Discover Rohri The Ancient City of Sindh

Muhammad Bin Qasim, Raja Dahir, Sindh history, Islamic architecture, Arore, heritage tourism

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Exploring Octagonal dome and Heptagonal Dome: Sukkur’s Timeless Mughal Treasures

Exploring Hacht Pehlou and Haft Chah: Sukkur’s Timeless Mughal Treasures

The Hasht Pahlawganbaz (Octagonal Dome): A 16th-century Mughal marvel in Sukkur, Pakistan, blending Islamic symbolism with eight-sided engineering brilliance. Captured in 1939.

These terms highlight the fusion of geometric precision and religious symbolism in Mughal architecture. The octagonal/heptagonal domes and the Mehrab Mosque likely represent the Mughals' advanced engineering and their emphasis on aligning structures with Islamic principles. Sukkur’s historical buildings are significant cultural heritage sites from the 16th–18th centuries.

1. هشت پهلووگنبذ (Hasht Pahlaw Gambaz): "Octagonal Dome" – A dome with eight sides, reflecting Mughal architectural geometry.
2. ہفت پهلووگنبذ (Haft Pahlaw Gambaz): "Heptagonal Dome" – A seven-sided dome, another hallmark of Mughal design. and other name is ست کوه (Sat Koh): "Seven Wells" .now its called dome masque.  

Sukkur, a city steeped in history along the banks of the mighty Indus River, is home to architectural marvels that whisper tales of the Mughal era. Among these treasures are Octagonal Dome (Hasht Pehlu, meaning "Eight-Sided") and Heptagonal Dome (Heptagonal Dome), two remarkable structures built over four centuries ago by Mir Muhammad Masum Bakhri, a trusted lieutenant of Mughal Emperor Akbar. These buildings, located opposite the District Jail on the road from Old Sukkur to New Sukkur, are not only architectural gems but also significant cultural landmarks that reflect the region’s rich heritage. In this post, we’ll dive into the history, architecture, and cultural significance of these sites, offering insights for travelers, history enthusiasts, and locals alike.

The Historical Significance of Octagonal dome and Heptagonal Dome

Detailed stonework of the Hasht Pahlawganbaz dome, illustrating Mughal mastery of octagonal symmetry and Quranic-inspired arabesques.

Constructed in 1006 AH (1597 CE) and 1007 AH (1598 CE), Hasht Pahlaw ganbaz and Haft Pahlaw ganbaz, respectively, are among Sukkur’s oldest surviving structures. Mir Masum Bakhri, a scholar, poet, and architect, designed these buildings to serve as caravanserais resting places for travelers and traders traversing the trade routes along the Indus. Their strategic location near the river made them ideal stopovers for caravans carrying goods, a testament to Sukkur’s historical role as a bustling trade hub.

According to historical accounts, the area around these structures once featured seven wells, lush gardens, and shaded trees, creating an inviting oasis for weary travelers. One stone-lined well near ہفت پهلووگنبذ (Haft Pahlaw ganbaz): "Heptagonal Dome" survived until recent times, used by locals to draw water, though the others have been lost to time. The larger هشت پهلووگنبذ (Hasht Pahlaw ganbaz): "Octagonal Dome", with its distinctive octagonal dome, was known as the "House of Happiness," while the smaller Haft Chah, now called the Quba Mosque, served as a place of rest and prayer. A now-lost inscription on Haft Pahlaw ganbaz warned against using the building as a burial site, invoking divine disapproval for such acts, highlighting its intended purpose as a travelers’ haven.

Architectural Marvels of the Mughal Era

Hasht Pahlawganbaz (Octagonal Dome) in Sukkur, Pakistan – A 16th-century Mughal marvel blending sacred geometry and Islamic spirituality, photographed September 2023.

The architectural style of Heptagonal Dome and Heptagonal Dome reflects the grandeur of Mughal design, with influences that echo structures as far away as Samarkand. Hasht Pahlaw Ganbaz "Octagonal Dome", the larger of the two, is a two-story octagonal building with a dome rising 40 feet above its walls. Its robust construction features baked bricks coated with white lime plaster, though some parts have been renovated with modern cement, slightly altering its original aesthetic. The interior is designed with multiple rooms, allowing families and groups to stay in separate quarters, a thoughtful feature for the diverse travelers of the time.

Haft Pahlaw Gambaz, smaller in scale, is equally captivating. Originally enclosed within a courtyard, it was repurposed as a mosque in later years, with some sections now used as a garage. Historical records, such as those by Henry Cousens, Superintendent of the Archaeological Survey of India in 1890, note that Haft Pahlaw Gambaz was once used as a residence, with doors and windows added for habitation. Pir Ali Muhammad Rashdi compares Haft Pahlaw Gambaz (dome) to that of a madrasa built by Mirza Ulugh Beg in Samarkand’s Registan, highlighting the shared architectural heritage between Sindh and Central Asia.

Stories of Travelers and Trade

Hasht Pahlaw Dome and Haft Pahlaw Dome were more than just buildings; they were vibrant hubs of activity during the Mughal period. Travelers’ accounts from the era paint a vivid picture of Sukkur as a thriving commercial center. In 1609 CE, Joseph Salbancke, an English merchant, described his stay in Sukkur, likely at Hasht Pahlaw, during the reign of Emperor Jahangir. He noted the city’s skilled swordsmiths and bustling trade in cotton, cloth, indigo, and other goods. His 24-day stay in Sukkur was a strategic pause to prepare for a journey to Qandahar, underscoring the caravanserais’ role in facilitating long-distance travel.

Similarly, Nicholas Withington, an agent of the English East India Company in 1612, wrote of caravans transporting goods from Agra to Sukkur in 20 days, with merchandise then shipped via the Indus to international markets. These accounts highlight the economic vitality of Sukkur and the importance of Hasht Pahlaw  and Haft Pahlaw as rest stops for merchants and explorers.

By the 19th century, during British rule, Hasht Pahlaw served various purposes, including as a municipal store for oil and later as a Sindhi school. Edward Archer Langley, a British police officer who visited Sukkur in 1855 or 1856, stayed at Hasht Pahlaw when the local Travelers’ Bungalow was unavailable. His writings, published in Narrative of a Residence at the Court of Meer Ali Moorad (1860), provide a glimpse into the buildings’ enduring utility.

The Current State and Preservation Needs

Today, Hasht Pahlaw Dome and Haft Pahlaw Dome face the challenges of time and neglect. Haft Pahlaw has been leased to a private school, while Haft Pahlaw serves as a mosque and partially as a garage. Modern alterations, such as cement repairs and room additions, have altered their original character. The loss of historical inscriptions, once proudly displayed on both structures, is a significant blow to their heritage value.

To restore these sites to their former glory, intervention by the Sindh Culture Department is crucial. Expert restoration could revive their original Mughal aesthetics, preserving them for future generations. Without such efforts, ongoing repairs with incompatible materials risk further eroding their historical integrity.

Why Visit Hasht Pahlaw and Haft Pahlaw?

Historical Illustration of the Octagonal Dome (Hasht Pahlawganbaz) by Amina Khoja Ithna Asheri: Mughal Geometry and Cultural Heritage from 20th-Century Hyderabad.

For history buffs, architecture enthusiasts, and travelers seeking off-the-beaten-path destinations, Hasht Pahlaw and Haft Pahlaw offer a unique glimpse into Sukkur’s Mughal past. Their proximity to other landmarks, such as the iconic Masum Shah Minaret, makes them accessible additions to a historical tour of the city. The stories of traders, explorers, and locals who passed through these structures add a layer of intrigue, making them more than just static monuments.

Edward Archer Langley and His Observations of Mughal-Era Architecture in 18th-Century Sindh

Edward Archer Langley & Sukkur’s Mughal Domes: 1855 Exploration of Octagonal & Heptagonal Architecture

Edward Archer Langley, a British officer in the Madras Cavalry and secretary to Mir Ali Murad I of Khairpur, documented his mid-19th-century experiences in Sindh, offering a unique perspective on the region’s architectural and cultural heritage. Around 1855, Langley visited a now-lost bungalow within the walled court complex of Kot Diji, a Talpur-era site in Khairpur District. This structure, set within a sprawling 20-acre garden, blended Mughal-inspired symmetry with European colonial aesthetics, featuring fresco-painted interiors reminiscent of British Residency designs. Unlike European palaces, the bungalow was not a residence but a darbar (court) for hosting dignitaries and administrative functions, reflecting the Talpur Mirs’ nomadic Baloch roots. The rulers, preferring opulent tents adorned with Persian carpets for daily life, viewed permanent structures as impractical—a cultural practice Langley misinterpreted as a "lack of civilization." His accounts, though tinged with colonial bias, reveal a critical transitional phase in Sindh’s architectural history. By the late 19th century, under Mir Faiz Mohammad I, Khairpur embraced hybrid Indo-Islamic and European Revival styles, symbolizing political prestige amid British influence. Today, surviving Talpur-era sites like Kot Diji’s fort and its mirror-work zenana face preservation challenges, yet Langley’s memoirs remain invaluable for reconstructing Sindh’s social and architectural legacy, highlighting tensions between colonial policies and indigenous traditions.

Conclusion

Hasht Pahlaw Dome and Haft Pahlaw Dome are more than just relics of the past; they are living testaments to Sukkur’s role as a crossroads of culture and commerce. By preserving these structures, we can keep their stories alive, inviting future generations to explore the legacy of Mir Masum Bakhri and the Mughal era. Whether you’re a local or a traveler, a visit to these sites promises a journey through time, where the echoes of caravans and traders still linger.

References

Sayed Imdad Hussain Shah Rizvi. (2025). Personal communication

Pir Ali Muhammad Rashdi, Sukkur, Bukkur, and Rohri: A Historical Study Book

Dr. Kaleem Lashari, Sukkur: History and Society

Syed Hussamuddin Rashdi, Mir Muhammad Masum Bakhri

Rahimdad Khan Molai Sheedai, History of Sukkur Book

Parsram Veromal Masand, Sukkur Sonehro Book

H.G. Raverty, Mehran of Sind 

Henry Cousens, Antiquities of Sind

Edward Archer Langley, Narrative of a Residence at the Court of Meer Ali Moorad

Momin Bullo, Sukkur: Nostalgia of Things Past

UNESCO. (2018). Cultural Heritage of Sukkur. Retrieved from UNESCO Portal

.Koch, E. (2006). The Complete Taj Mahal. Thames & Hudson.

Asher, C. B. (1992). Architecture of Mughal India. Cambridge University Press.

Ruggles, D. F. (2008). Islamic Gardens and Landscapes. University of Pennsylvania Press.

Travel, History, Architecture, Culture, Sukkur, Mughal Era

Post: Sayed Sajjad Hussain Musavi

© 2025 Discover Rohri The Ancient City of Sindh

Sukkur history, Mughal architecture, Hacht Pehlou, Haft Chah, Mir Masum Bakhri, Sindh heritage, caravanserais, historical sites in Pakistan

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